Enthalpy of Reaction and Hess’s Law Essay

I. Purpose The purpose of this lab is to verify Hess’s Law through the three reactions of NaOH and HCl, NH4Cl and NaOH, and NH3 and HCl. The sum of the enthalpies of the first two reactions should equal the enthalpy of the third reaction. II. Background Hess’s Law is used to determine the enthalpy of a reaction from adding two or more preceding reactions. To determine the enthalpies of certain chemical reactions, the change in must be measured. This is best done using a calorimeter to prevent heat loss to the surroundings. To calculate the heat change in solution, the q=mct equation must be used. A positive value for â€Å"q† means the solution gains heat, a negative value means the solution loses heat and is exothermic. The reactions used in the lab are exothermic acid-base neutralizations. By calculating â€Å"q†, heat, the enthalpy of reaction can be found by knowing the Molarity of the reactants. The specific heat of the calorimeter can be found by the equation qcal= t x heat capacity. Since a calorimeter is used the heat released from the reaction will be absorbed in the solution, while some heat is transferred to the calorimeter. So the â€Å"q† of the reaction is given by this equation: qrxn= †“ (qsol+qcal). III. Summary of Procedure Part 1: A calorimeter is to be arranged using Styrofoam cups and a hole on top of a cover to take the temperature while also preventing heat loss. 50mls of distilled is to be added to the calorimeter. 75mls must then be heated to 70 degrees Celsius and 50mls of that water is to be added to the calorimeter. The calorimeter has to be covered and then the temperature taken every 20 seconds for 3 minutes. Part 2: 50mls of 2.0M HCl must be put into the calorimeter. A 50mls solution of 2.0M NaOH should then be added to the HCl solution and stirred. The temperature needs to be recorded every 20 seconds for 3 minutes. For the second reaction the same process has to be repeated using 2.0M NH4Cl and 2.0M NaOH. The third reaction requires the same process using 2.0M solutions of NH3 and HCl. IV. Observations * Styrofoam cup becoming hot after mixture * thermometer scraping the Styrofoam cup sides * cover doesn’t completely cover the cup * small amount of time between pouring the chemicals and covering and mixing VI. Results and Questions Calculations please see attached graphs and work. Post Lab Questions 1. What is meant by calorimetry? Calorimetry is the scientific measuring of heat released during chemical and physical changes. It ensures that minimal heat is lost so the heat of reaction can be found accurately. 2. How does graphical analysis improve the accuracy of the data? Once the points are plotted on a graph the line of best fit can be drawn and extrapolated toward the y-axis. Since the first data plots can be inconsistent the best fit line may ignore the first points making the data more accurate by disregarding the inaccurate data. 3. What is the meaning of the negative sign in front of the equation for heat of reaction? The negative sign in front of the brackets indicate that we are in fact solving for the reverse reaction. So the sign must have a negative to indicate the reaction that is the forward, exothermic, reaction. 4. Do the lab results support Hess’s Law? The lab does support Hess’s Law. The percent error is relatively small for this lab and algebraically it is proven that the sum of the enthalpies of the first two reactions is close the measured value of the third reaction. 5. How could the procedure be modified to achieve greater accuracy? To improve the accuracy of the lab a formal capacitor could be used instead of average Styrofoam cups. An airtight seal between the cover and thermometer would also be more accurate by preventing heat loss to the surroundings. 6. Find a table reference that lists standard heat of formation for the species included in your net ionic equations. Use them to calculate delta H for the reaction of the net ionic equations. Do these values support Hess’s Law? See attached calculations. VII. Conclusion This lab successfully verified Hess’s Law by adding enthalpies of reactions to equal the enthalpy of a third reaction. The mix of NaOH with HCl, and NH4 with NaOH proved to give off a heat close to that of NH3 mixed with HCl. The percent error proved to be 3.72%. The sources of error could be the heat lost while the calorimeter was not covered and maybe not enough mixing throughout the duration of the three minutes. The addition of a mixing unit and an airtight seal on the capacitors would provide an improved version of this lab.

Reflection Summary Essay

The previous week’s objectives covered PowerPoint in Microsoft Office, Presentation Tools, and System Development Life Cycle (SDLC). What could be applicable to your workplace or personal, and how your knowledge has increased as a result of what you experienced through the learning activities. We learned about presentation tools that are available in the marketplace and their advantages and disadvantages that they may have. Our team agreed that Microsoft Power Point is the most common and most used in the workplace and market place. We were all very familiar with how the system works, we all have worked with Power Point before. We were all very comfortable with Microsoft Power Point. There are many other presentation tools that can be used, and that are available but overall the most common is Microsoft Power Point. The next topic we had discussed was about what business go through to implement new technology. The second discussion question posted we learned was in regards to six stages of the systems development life cycle. The system development life cycle (SDLC) has six processes in which information system is process: systems investigation, system analysis, systems design, programming and testing, implementation, and operation and maintenance. These six processes are important for organizations to use when deciding on an information system; however, these processes are not only for organization, but also for personal use as well. When deciding whether to get a new operation system for a personal computer, you can have some of the same challenges. Consumers have to decide what kind of budget they have, what will the system do for them, and will the system last for a long time before having to get another system. We didn’t realize what business have to go through to implement new technology into the business plan. We learned that it can be a very long, in depth and costly process to implement a new system in the work place. In conclusion, we have learned many great things as a team about Microsoft power point, and presentation. How everyone uses power point for work and personal life. We also learned about System Development Life Cycle (SDLC). How the process can be long and expensive depending on the system  requirements. We agreed and disagreed on many things but in the end we were able to learn from one another. Working as team has made it better and easier to learn, we each collaborated on putting this reflection summary together. It has made it an even better learning experience working together as a team.

Expanding Nation Essay

In the 1830’s and 40’s the westward movement of population left the valley of the Mississippi behind and penetrated the Far West all the way to the Pacific. Pioneers pursued fertile land and economic opportunity beyond the existing boundaries of the United States and thus helped set the stage for the annexations and international crises of the 1840’s. Some went for material gain, others for adventure, and a significant minority sought freedom from religious persecution. But whatever their reasons for migrating, they brought American attitudes and loyalties into regions that were already occupied or at least claimed by Mexico or Great Britain. Whether they realized it or not, these pioneers were the vanguard of American expansionism. The domestic controversies aroused by the Mexican War and the propaganda of Manifest Destiny revealed the limits of the mid-nineteenth century American expansionism and put a damper on additional efforts to extend the nation’s boundaries. Concerns about slavery and race impeded acquisition of new territory in Latin America and the Caribbean. Resolution of the Oregon dispute clearly indicated that the United States was not willing to go to war with a powerful adversary to obtain large chunks of British North America, and the old ambition of incorporating Canada rapidly faded. After 1848, American growth usually took the form of populating and developing the vast territory already acquired. The expansionists of the 1840’s saw a clear link between acquisition of new territory and other forms of material growth and development. In 1844 Samuel F. B. Morse perfected and demonstrated his electric telegraph, a device that would make it possible to communicate rapidly over the expanse of a continental nation. Simultaneous, the railroad was becoming increasingly important as a means of moving people and goods over the same great distances. Improvements in manufacturing and agricultural methods led to an upsurge in the volume and range of internal trade, and the beginnings of mass immigration were providing human resources for the exploitation of new areas and economic opportunities. After gold was discovered in newly acquired California in 1848, a flood of emigrants from the East and several foreign nations arrived by ship or wagon train, their appetites whetted by the thoughts of striking it rich. The gold they unearthed spurred the national economy, and the rapid growth of population centers on the Pacific Coast inspired projects for transcontinental telegraph lines and railroad tracks. When the spirit of Manifest Destiny and the thirst for acquiring new territory waned after the Mexican War, the expansionist impulse turned inward. The technological advances and population increased of the 1840’s continued during the 50’s. The result was an acceleration of economic growth, a substantial increase in industrialization and urbanization, and the emergence of a new working class (Billington, 1956). The first movement west aimed not for the nearby plains but for California and Oregon on the continent’s far shore. It started in the 1849 Gold Rush to California and in the next three decades perhaps as many as half a million individuals made the long journey. Some walked; others rode horses alone or in small groups. About half jointed great caravans, numbering 150 wagons or more, that inched across the 2000 miles between the Missouri River and the Pacific Coast. More often than not men made the decision to make the crossing. Wives either went with their husbands or faced being left behind. Four out of five men on the overland trail had picked up stakes and moved before, some of them several times. People moved west for many reasons. Some sought adventure; others wanted to escape the drab routine of factory or city life. Many moved to California for their health. What ever the specific reasons most people moved west to better their lot. On the whole their timing was good, for as a nations population grew, so did the demand for the livestock and the agricultural mineral and lumber products of the expanding West. Opposite to older historical views the West did not act as a major safety valve or an outlet for social and economic tensions. The poor and unemployed did not have the means to move there and establish farms. Most people moved West in good times, in periods of rising prices, of expanding demand, when the prospects for making money from this new land looked brightest; and this aspect characterized the whole pattern of settlement and greatly improved the whole of the economic growth for the U. S. In the last three decades of the nineteenth century a flood of settlers ventured into America’s newest and last west (Jones, 1960). The West became a great colonial empire, harnessed to eastern capital and tied increasingly to national and international markets. Western economies depended to an unusual degree on the federal government, which subsidized their railroads, distributed their land, and spent millions of dollars for the upkeep of soldiers and Indians. Regional variations persisted and Westerners remained proud of their hardy, individualistic traditions. Yet they imitated the East’s social, cultural, and political patterns. By the 1890’s the West of the buffalo and Indian was gone, and instead there were cities and towns, health resorts, Paris fashion and the latest magazines. The frontier line had reached the edge of the timber country of Missouri by 1840. Beyond lay an enormous land of rolling prairies, parched deserts, and rugged, majestic mountains. Emerging from the timber country, travelers first encountered the Great Plains. These lands were treeless, nearly flat, and an endless sea of grassy hillocks. The Prairie Plains, the eastern part of the region, enjoyed rich soil and good rainfall; it included parts of present day Wisconsin, Minnesota, the Dakotas, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. To the west covering Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona were called the High Plains. They were rough, semiarid, rising gently to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains (Faragher, 1979). The original incentive to mechanize northern industry and agriculture came in part from a shortage of cheap labor. Compared with the industrializing nations of Europe, the United States of the early nineteenth century was a labor-scarce economy. Since it was difficult to attract able-bodied men to work for low wages in factories or on farms, women and children were used extensively in the early textile mills, and commercial farmers had to rely heavily on the labor of their family members. In the face of such limited and uncertain labor supplies, producers were greatly tempered to experiment with labor saving machinery. By the 1840’s and 50’s industrialization had reached a point where it could readily absorb a new influx of unskilled workers. Factories required increasing numbers of unskilled operatives, and railroad builders needed construction gangs. The growth of industrial work opportunities helped attract a multitude of European immigrants during the two decades before the Civil War (Fishlow, 1965). Between 1820 and 1840 an estimated 700,000 immigrants arrived in the United States, mainly from the British Isles and German-speaking areas of continental Europe. During the 1840’s this substantial flow suddenly became a flood. No less than 4,200,000 crossed the Atlantic between 1840 and 1860, and about 3 million of these arrived in the single decade between 1845 and 1855. This was the greatest influx in proportion to total population that the nation has ever experienced. The largest single source of the new mass immigration was Ireland, but Germany was not far behind. This massive transatlantic movement had many causes; some people were pushed out of their homes, while others were pulled toward America. The great push factor that caused a million and a half Irish to forsake the Emerald Isle was the great potato famine. Escape to America was made possible by the low fares then prevailing on sailing ships bound from England to North America. The million or so Germans who also came in the late 1840’s and early 50’s were somewhat more fortunate. Most of them were also peasants, but they fled hard times rather than outright catastrophe. What attracted or pulled most of the Irish, German and other European immigrants to America, was the promise of economic opportunity (Jones, 1992). By 1860 industrial expansion and immigration had created a working class of men and women who seemed destined for a life of low paid wage labor. This reality stood in contrast to America’s self image as a land of opportunity and upward mobility. Wage labor was popularly viewed as a temporary condition from which workers were supposed to extricate themselves by hard work and frugality. According to Abraham Lincoln in 1850 of the North’s free labor society, â€Å"there is no such thing as a freeman being fatally fixed for life, in the condition of a hired laborer. This ideal still had some validity in rapidly developing regions of the western states, but it was mostly myth when applied to the increasingly foreign born industrial workers of the Northeast. Both internal and external expansion had come at a heavy cost. Tensions associated with class and ethnic rivalries were only one part of the price of rapid economic development. The acquisitions of new territories became politically divisive and would soon lead to a catastrophic sectional controversy. From the late 1840’s to the Civil War, the United States was a divided society in more than one sense, and the need to control or resolve these conflicts presented politicians and statesmen with a monumental challenge (Gutman, 1976). Many have searched for the underlying causes of the crisis leading to the disruption of the Union but have failed to agree on exactly what they were. Some have stressed the clash of economic interests between agrarian and industrializing regions. But this interpretation does not reflect the way people at the time expressed their concerns. The main issues in the sectional debates of the 1850’s were whether slavery was right or wrong and whether it should be extended or contained. Disagreements over protective tariffs and other economic measures allegedly benefiting one section or the other were clearly secondary. It has never been clear why the interests of northern industry and those of the South’s commercial agriculture were irreconcilable. From a purely economic point of view, there was no necessity for producers of raw materials to go to war with those who marketed or produced them. The critical period of Civil War diplomacy was in 1861 to 1862 when the South was making every effort to induce foreign powers to recognize its independence and break the Union blockade. The hope that England and France could be persuaded to involve themselves in the war on the Confederate side stemmed from the fact that these nations depended on the South for three quarters of their cotton supply. In the case of Britain, the uninterrupted production of cotton textile appeared essential to economic prosperity (Stampp, 1950).

The Important Career Development on organization Research Paper

The Important Career Development on organization - Research Paper Example Individuals should take career development process seriously in order to progress professionally. Moreover, organizations should also consider it important to practice this process to bring out the best from their employees. (Iretire, 2011) illustrate that career development as a ladder towards success which helps every individual achieve his or her objective by following various steps. This process provides guidance to an individual since the start of his/her career beginning right from choosing the right educational institution, subject to organization. The Career Planning covers areas like choosing of an occupation, getting a job, growing in your job, achieving the desiired growth and eventually retiring. (Gutteridge 1986) argue that Career development is one of an integral component of human resource (HR) management in a workplace. Other components consist of company’s design, control, HR planning and evaluation. ... Moreover, employees today are very much concerned about their career than before. As the economy is growing, workers demands are also increasing both in terms of progress and personal growth. Organizations and companies that are not able to meet these needs and demands of their workers face increased employee turnover. Therefore, this research paper will discuss the importance of career development in an organization as it not only helps retain employees but also benefits employees by allowing them to fulfill their career related wants and needs. Various companies today are facing one common problem, i.e. employee retention. They are aware of the fact that replacing employees is a lot more expensive than retaining existing ones. Hiring new employees includes high cost of recruiting and training. High employee turnover not only effects the organization in terms of high cost but also have a negative effect on its effectiveness and efficiency. The most effected organizations are service oriented ones including firefighters and law-enforcement agencies that require highly trained, skilled and competent workforce. Many studies have been conducted to best address this problem and results have shown that career development programs can resolve this issue to a certain extent. Earlier, it was assumed that employee need a straight path to move up the ladder, (Werther & Davis, 1992) cite Career development is not just about moving ahead but is about achieving what is best for his/her career and suits his/her expertise. This will also enable employee to contribute positively in achieving company’s goal and objective. Implementing career development

Feasibility study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Feasibility study - Research Paper Example The new business venture will be called Pizzeria Inn. It will be located at the northern Mexico. The new industry will, therefore, feature Dine in, Take Out and also Delivery services. Most economists and researchers agree that entrepreneurship is one of the significant ingredients for stimulating economic growth as well as offering job opportunities to the jobless members of all the societies. According to Jacksack & Start (2003), globally, successful SMEs have become the primary engines of job creation and poverty reduction in the marginalized communities. As a business entrepreneur, a business plan is the only tool which can help the small business expand. It is the road map an entrepreneur needs to follow in order to realize the set goals and objectives. It is, therefore, the initial step to a successful business venture. Any business entrepreneur should, therefore, provide a business plan which acts as a guide to the whole business process. The paper, therefore, endeavors to conduct a business plan for New Antoniou Pizzeria. The new business venture will target the middle income pizza in Sparks. Pizza inn is thought to be conveniently accessible to over 90,000 targeted market consumers in this region. This includes one of the most attractive market opportunities for this venture. The competitive analysis of the business venture has identified significant market place gaps to serve as the base for the industries competitive advantage. This business venture would help Mexican middle class residents around the beach as well as far residents who come to the beach to benefit from low priced delicious dishes which maybe could not have afforded from other huge restaurants. It would also help other entrepreneurs to venture in innovative business ventures hence gain the managerial and entrepreneurial skills needed to run such

Directors Confidential Board Meeting Assignment

Directors Confidential Board Meeting - Assignment Example All business services required access to internet, secretary services, copying, phones and fax. Breakfast and lunch to be arranged .Inform the complete day schedule of the guests to be ready with additional necessary arrangements. Morning refreshments to be provided after the arrival of guests at 8 am. A three course working lunch to be arranged at 1 pm. Afternoon refreshments to be provided during high tea. Complete the task by October 20. Transport to be arranged from Canary Wharf to London airport the next day. Pick up from Canary Wharf square mile at 7 am. Individual Limousines to be arranged for clients. In total 8 cars to be booked. Complete task by October 27. .. Contact Town car and limo service Inc (2) to save time for the booking. Guests to be dropped back to Canary wharf after dinner. 10 Individual costs for dinner not to exceed 150. Hence contact the Hotel Hilton facility manager to discuss on the facilities again (Food menu & dinner area).Complete task by October 25. 11 Transport to be arranged from Canary Wharf to London airport the next day. Pick up from Canary Wharf square mile at 7 am. Individual Limousines to be arranged for clients. In total 8 cars to be booked. Complete task by October 27. 12 Take down contact details of the Facility managers, Drivers and other support facilitators for any immediate changes/arrangements. Complete task by October 28. 13 Discuss on the plan with team members internally again and ask for suggestions/opinions for any betterment/change in the plan. Complete task by October 29. 14 Inform the client about the plan and ask if there are any changes necessary required in the plan. Complete task for October 30. (2)Event function sheet Time Agenda 7:00 AM Guests to be picked up from Canary Wharf - Square circle. 7:45 AM Guests to reach Hotel Marriott West India Quay 8:00 AM Welcoming guests at the Hotel reception 8:15 AM Breakfast 9:00 AM Message by the Head - Executive director. 9:30 AM Message by Second in command on the strengths of the company 10:15 AM Message by Third in command on the strengths of the competitor company. 11:00 AM Tea break 11:15 AM Overview of the current business scenario by a Senior executive 12:00 PM Discussion on Merger and Acquisition. 1:00 PM Lunch 1:45 PM Business prospects after the take over of the competitor company. 3:30 PM High tea 3:45 PM Discussion on Improvising on Business segments 4:30 PM A

Globalization Transforms a Planet into a Flat World Coursework

Globalization Transforms a Planet into a Flat World - Coursework Example Thomas Friedman indicates that the world has now become flat and recommends that people embrace the changes as fast as they can. He also says that the globalization might not be in its finale but it is just on its early stages towards more developments. Friedman indicates in amazement that people might find themselves in his situation if action is not taken to be at par with the developments taking place in the world. Friedman (2005) indicates that he found himself ‘behind’ new technology at the time of conducting his research.New technologies had come up at the time of his research, and Friedman could not believe how people were in a position to hold meetings with people all over the world without their physical presence. In short, Friedman meant to say that new technologies are coming up, and it is a high time people get ready to embrace the new changes. He claims that other parts of the world have already embraced change, and are on the verge of restructuring their sy stems to welcome many more that may knock their doors.In Abowitz and Roberts (2007) work, it is justified to argue that technology is one of the many reasons that led to Friedman indication that the world may be leveled. Pollack (2005) argues that among the most important forms of technology is outsourcing. Over the years, many countries have been on the run to acquire millions and billions of shillings to invest in the technological sector. All forms of technological advancement were welcome by all states no matter how minute, so long as they proved their ability to move the country an inch further towards technological advancement. With this taking place, Brakman and Marrewijk (2007) argue that it became easier for the world, not only to store data but also to access to all undertakings in the world. As a result, computers became extremely cheap with more producers venturing into this market.

France Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

France - Essay Example The river basins in the country are the Rhone, the Seine, the Loire and the Garonne (Encyclopedia.com). All of them played a significant role in the history as they were used as the main transportation routes before the railway replaced them. The population of the country is about 64 million of people with 20 percent of them living in the Parisian region (OECD). The French people have the highest female life expectancy in the EU; at the same time, they are the biggest consumers of medicine in Europe and the second biggest consumers of alcohol on the continent (after Luxembourg) (â€Å"Interesting Facts About France†). Andre Gide, the famous French Nobel Prize winner in literature, once said about the French people, â€Å"French people are Italian people in bad mood† (â€Å"Interesting Quotes†). About 85 percent of the population are Roman Catholics; about 2 percent are Lutherans and Calvinists; Muslims comprise about 8 percent. At the same time, more than 40 percent claim they are atheists (Encyclopedia.com). The official language is French; there are also several regional languages spoken in the country, such as Alsatian, Basque, Catalan, Breton, Corsican, Occitan, Franco-Provencal etc. French was the language of diplomacy and aristocracy throughout the entire Europe and the Ottoman Empire. In addition to this, it was the official language in England for more than three centuries (â€Å"Interesting Facts About France†). France is famous by its well-developed food-and-drink industry. In particular, France is one of the greatest producers of wine and liquors in the world. In fact, wine has been produced in the country since the Roman times. In total, there are more than 450 wine appellations in the entire country. Also, cheese production is flourishing in the country: more than 300 types of cheese, including Camembert, Livarot, Brie de Meaux, Roquefort, Reblochon etc., are made there. What is more, France is the

Institutions in Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Institutions in Business Strategy - Essay Example As the discussion declares in business, both formal and informal institutions are influential in domestic and foreign business operations. In Muslim societies, social norms and practices dictate that people of the Islam faith are religiously prohibited from consuming pork foods and alcoholic drinks among other products. Any business organization that markets pork products or alcoholic drinks in Muslim societies will hardly realize profits because the informal institution of Islam dictates that certain norms and practices must be observed by Muslim consumers. With respect to formal institutions, constitutions, trade agreements and legal courts define and interpret the operational frameworks that both domestic and foreign business entities exercise their business practices. Legal systems determine the level of taxes that organizations pay to revenue authorities, and legal systems also arbitrate issues between business organizations and other stakeholders within a business environment.T his paper discusses that  business entities are more interested in market certainties than they are interested in profitability. Market uncertainties increases business risks, thus correspondingly increasing business costs. As elaborated earlier, institutions enhance certainty and predictability of interactions within a business environment. Formal institutions like judicial systems and investment laws play a critical role during entry and operation within a foreign market.

Reflection paper The roles of the olympic game Essay

Reflection paper The roles of the olympic game - Essay Example The Games have highlighted the position of the leaders who have been a pioneer in suppressing racism. It also has been far more effective in fighting with the forces of doping and eliminating them. The example of Seoul Olympic Games could be seen as force that led to the democratization of the country. After the end of the Olympic Games in Seoul, the military rule in Korea was replaced by the regime of a multiparty that has been elected by the people. The Olympic Games have also provided a platform to the host nation to portray their economic dominance and a scope to establish their position as the world leader. The award of the Olympic Games to the host nation is also the recognition of the international community as place that has the infrastructure and the potential to hold international events. Hover, the characteristic features professed by the Olympic Games have contradicted themselves. This has been evident on a number of occasions that include the integration of the Nazi regi me in the Berlin Olympic Games in 1936. The massacre of student protestors during the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City is also an example which does not reflect the true spirit of the Olympic Games. Awarding the Olympic Games to Korea is another example which contradicts the principles and spirit of the Games. These factors were important for the consideration in context of the Olympic Games in Beijing, 2008. Integration of readings The history of Olympic Games suggests that the greatest international event on sports in earth has always spread the message of peace, harmony and democratization of the world economy. It has also recognized the leadership position of the host nation in making economic progress and in effectively suppressing the forces of racism and discrimination. The contradictions to these virtues of Olympic Games held in the past showed ominous signs for the Olympic games of Beijing, 2008. In the past, the Berlin Games of 1936 showed acceptance of the Nazi regime as anti-humanist forces. The 1968 Games in the Mexico City also witnessed massacre of the student protestors. These negative incidents were likely to be accepted through the Olympic Games in Beijing, 2008 as China got involved in several international incidents that affected its international image adversely (Horne and  Whannel 67). As compared to the earlier instances in Berlin and Mexico City, the public image of the Chinese economy worsened even more. The incidents include the continuous repression of China over the territories of Tibet, failure in intervening in Darfur, Sudan and the lack of safety and environmental pollution of the exported goods. It was, therefore, a concern that the Olympic Games has again been awarded to a country that is not able to sustain its international positions as per the virtues and principles of the Games. Critical analysis The Olympic Games have been a platform which was used by the host nations over the period of history to portray their economic dominance in the international stage. The Olympic Games have always spread the message of harmony and peace and recognized the host nation as the flag holder of their virtues and principles. The international image of the countries that hosted the Olympic Games has been a significant factor against the forces of racism and discrimination. The Seoul Olympic Games led to the democratization of Korea. The Olympic Games were awarded at a time when South Korea was in a state of war with North Korea.

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 51

Journal - Essay Example The kind of affection author described is unusual now a days, when biological parents give up their children for adoption and single mothers abort their unborn ones for the sake of their convince. Her affection is even with the gifts Joe gifted her; is surprising. Next thing which is totally explicit these days is the kind of hospitality the story entails like Joe and Joe’s wife towards Maria. However, in the tram ‘Maria’ is also displayed in a situation where young generation is giving up traditional etiquettes for elderly, like giving up one’s seat for them due to their age and respectable position in society. Many of the critics believe that since ‘Clay’ is an Irish story therefore, the author interweaved and depicted Ireland’s geographical and political situation through Maria’s tale. The Christian beliefs and their respect is also a significant factor in the tale, which enables the reader to comprehend how people of fate feel and act when they have a religious and spiritual event to attend to. Most shockingly though ‘Maria’ was fat, short woman with a big nose, but readers find her satisfied with her ordinary looks and poor financial condition. She is a contended person who has no complexes about her social and physical position. The story narrates how one should be contended in his own body without regretting about his looks, social and financial position (Attridge,

Feminism and Misandry in Popular Culture Essay Example for Free

Feminism and Misandry in Popular Culture Essay Feminism is dead. What exactly do I mean? Feminism is meant to be about gender equality, but this is no longer true. Instead, feminism has become synonymous with misandry—the hatred of men. Men are society’s official scapegoats while women are portrayed as victims. Men are often penalized for the collective guilt of men throughout history, and women feel they deserve compensation for this perceived victimization in the past. While the early feminist movement ensured equal opportunity for women, it now serves women’s special interests. Popular opinion portrays men as violent and animalistic, while women are viewed as caring and matronly. This is a misnomer perpetuated by a gynocentric society. According to a 2003 study by the Domestic Violence Research Center, it is estimated that 6 million men are victims of domestic violence in Canada alone, accounting for nearly half of all instances of domestic violence. However, fewer than 100,000 cases of male domestic abuse were reported. While it is true that women make up a larger percentage of rape victims, one in thirty-three men is raped or attempted to be raped by a woman. Even more shocking is that less than 1% of all male rape cases are ever reported. Barbara Kay, a Canadian gender equalist, says that the disparity between the reported cases and estimated cases is†¦ â€Å"Due to cultural norms that require men to present a strong facade†¦ men are less likely to verbalize fear of any kind. † Further discrimination happens against fathers. It is commonly assumed that the best interests of the child coincide with the best interests of the mother, but this simply isn’t true. In the study conducted by Patrick Fagan and Dorothy Hanks published in The Child Abuse Crisis: The Disintegration of Marriage, Family, and the American Community, the most likely perpetrator of abuse to a child is the child’s mother. The father is the parent most likely to be the protector of children, and the same study found that the presence of a father greatly lessens the risk of child sexual abuse. Yet many child custody laws in Canada and the United States strongly favor women. Approximately 70% of all custody cases are awarded to women in Western culture, and this percentage drastically increases in America and in the South. Most significantly, though, is the guilt that men must endure. Masculine traits are considered shameful or low-brow, while feminine traits are viewed as refined or high-brow. Overt manliness is something likened to piggishness or idiocy. Male sexuality is depicted as lustful harassment, while female sexuality is flaunted as beautiful and elegant. The hatred of men has become so mainstream that even Hallmark—known for its politically correct sentiments—features cards reading â€Å"There are plenty of things easier than finding a good man†¦ Nailing Jell-O to a tree, for instance. † or â€Å"Men are scum†¦ Excuse me. For a second there, I was feeling generous. † Hallmark is not the only one making money off of popular prejudice: TV shows, books, comic strips and even the new media all pander to this sexist trend. Western culture is seen as the height of the civil rights movement. Great activists like Louisa G. Anderson and Susan B. Anthony revolutionized Britain, America and the rest of the world. Modern feminism, however, caters to the personal gain and special interests of women. Gender equality applies to men and women alike, despite efforts by feminist elitist to degrade and exclude the male gender. Men endure much of the same injustice as women. Misandry is of equal importance to misogyny, and should be treated with the same intolerance.

Teens And Anorexia Nervosa Theory

Teens And Anorexia Nervosa Theory Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder that causes a person to obsess about their weight and the food they eat (MFMER. 2008, Para. 1). Anyone can have the disease, but women are particularly susceptible. People who have this condition will view themselves as fat when they look in the mirror although they are in reality dangerously thin and far below the normal weight for their bodys height and age (Lofshult, 2006). They attempt to lose weight by starving themselves and often by obsessive and compulsive exercise. This condition can affect people of all ages, yet teens in America are greatly affected by the disease because they are at a vulnerable development stage and extremely subject to body image issues. (MFMER, 2008). Anorexia Nervosa is at its core an issue with self worth and not really about food at all. When teens are struggling with emotional self esteem issues, they will often try to cope with these feelings through the unhealthy practice of losing weight. It is believed that if they are thinner they will be more accepted by society. Anorexia Nervosa, also known as Anorexia, is a disease that causes them to equate self worth with being thin (MFMER, 2010) It can have serious complications on the body and be life threatening if not treated properly. During the early development years of adolescence, the body requires essential nutrients for growth, making the disease especially harmful on the bodies of teens. If not handled appropriately at an early stage, irreversible damage can be done to the body (Lofshult, 2006). This disease is always difficult to overcome, but with early diagnosis and proper treatment, serious complications can be avoided and even reversed. MFMER, 2008). Two theories that can be used to describe and explain Anorexia in teens Eriksons Psychosocial Theory Erickson believed that people go through stages of development from birth to death. There are eight stages of human development in Eriksons Psychosocial Theory. These developmental stages include tasks that result from both biological forces and age related social or cultural expectations (Ashford, J. B. LeCroy, C. W. 2010). Eriksons Psychosocial Theory can be used to describe and explain Anorexia in teens. Teenagers are very much aware of their bodies. According to Erickson teens are concerned with the image they portray to others. During young adulthood which is the fifth stage in Eriksons Theory, the identity crisis that teens face is Identity vs. Identity Confusion. Banduras Social Learning Theory Banduras Social Learning Theory can help explain how Anorexia Nervosa begins. Bandura believed people could influence their environment through conscious cognitive learning. This theory contends that people learn through observations taking place around them. People observe behavior of others around them, known as models. Even if there is no reinforcement of the modeling behavior a person may imitate the behavior observed (Ashford LeCroy, 2010). This process requires indirect learning cognition of their environment. It is cognitive because role models must be observed and then information must be processed and stored in their memory to imitate the behavior (Cherry, 2013). Models are the key in the progression of personality development because of the observational learning principle. The Social Learning Theory combines the cognitive processes with learning principles. It ascertains that people learn when watching others, even though there may be no direct involvement (Ashford LeCro y, 2010). Contrast and compare the principal concepts as applied to anorexia in teens According to Eriksons theory, if a teenager is unable to make deliberate decisions they may experience role confusion, which may manifest itself in a number of ways. In the case of eating disorders, role confusion often manifests itself in what Erikson called a moratorium in which teenagers withdraws from adult responsibilities. If teens successfully work through earlier conflicts of childhood such as trusting others and believing in themselves, this moratorium may simply pass. When a teen has and eating disorders their earlier conflicts may not have been worked through, the moratorium stage may keep the teen stuck in childhood. Having an illness such as an eating disorder is a way to extend childhood and to ensure that the child may remain dependent on the parents without having to face the challenges of adult responsibilities. A major component in Banduras Social Learning Theory is self-efficacy (Ashford LeCroy, 2010). This refers to a persons belief that they are able to achieve specific behaviors. When a person has confidence in their ability to achieve a goal it is more likely that they will not give up easily and that they will be willing to work harder to succeed (Cherry, 2013). This is helpful in understanding how the mind works when a person is suffering with Anorexia. Research has shown that the media plays a significant role in the way teens view body image. (Harrison, 2001). Also if a teen believes they are fat, they will see themselves as fat when they look in the mirror, even if they are terribly thin (MFMER, 2010). In comparison, Eriksons theory is inherently dependent upon the childhood developmental stages and Banduras theory hypothesizes that changes can be made in the adult stage though confidence building strategies without accessing childhood experiences. Banduras modeling theory can be used to reshape body image ideals with current effective role models. Erikson theory will need intensive counseling to come to terms with childhood trauma for recovery to be effective (Bandura, Thoresen, Praeger, 2007). Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses to explain anorexia in teens The strength of Erikson Theory is that if teens successfully work through earlier conflicts of childhood such as trusting others and believing in themselves, this moratorium may simply pass. Teenagers have to find a balance between developing a unique, individual identity while still being accepted and fitting in. The weakness to this is that a teen has and eating disorders their earlier conflicts may not have been worked through, the moratorium stage may keep the teen stuck in childhood. For girls, even though its completely normal (and necessary) to gain some additional body fat during puberty, some respond to this change by becoming very fearful of their new weight and feel compelled to get rid of it any way they can. Teenagers are overloaded by images of thin celebrities. When you combine the pressure to be like these role models with a changing body, its not hard to see why some teens develop a distorted body image. Teenage that struggling with an eating disorder, are full of co nfusion, self-doubt and the searching for their identity. The strength of Banduras Theory in explaining Anorexia in teens, is how young girls are greatly affected by peer pressure they experience during the teen years (Harrison, 2001). Most women with Anorexia began to develop the disease in their teens, when peer pressure was at its height. However, it has been diagnosed in children as young as young as five years old and in women as old as 90. The American Dietetic Association (ADA) estimates that almost one percent of all female teenagers between the ages of twelve and eighteen have Anorexia Nervosa. It has also been determined that at least thirty percent of all adolescent girls engage in some form of unhealthy form of dieting. Researchers have concluded that teens who diet on a regular basis have a greater potential for developing this disease later in life than those who do not diet at all. For those that diet a severe level, they were eighteen percent more likely to develop Anorexia (Lofshult, 2006). It is important that we educate y oung girls to the possible dangers of excessive dieting (Harrison, 2001). As social workers it is necessary that we become aware of the severe consequences of early dieting and seek to help young people and their parents to understand that dieting can lead to a much higher risk of developing an eating disorder like Anorexia. Education of the disease is needed to change the culture that is promoted in the media today (Lofshult, 2006). Compare and contrast the theories compatibility with social work values and ethics to describe anorexia in teens and its commitment to economic and social justice Eriksons Psychoanalytical theory forms an important part of social work, as it helps practitioners understand the inner mental universe of affected individuals and helps them come up with effective therapeutic techniques. Today, many modern approaches like crisis intervention and cognitive-behavioral theories have evolved out of early psychodynamic explorations, which help people through individual counseling and rehabilitation methods. According to Erikson the period between school entry and puberty becomes a period of learning a mastering the more basic skills needed in society. Teenagers suffer from Anorexia because of the desire to be thin. However there is absolutely no doubt that the body image obsession is a major causal factor in the high incidence of bulimia in Western society. From a social work perspective the existing conditions should not always be perceived as the fault of the individual, based on his or her bad choices. Addressing social justice and encouraging social change is so important to the field of social work that the preamble to the National Association of Social Workers Code of Ethics clearly states that social workers are sensitive to cultural and ethnic diversity and strive to end discrimination, oppression, poverty, and other forms of social injustice. (Delegate Assembly, Approved 1996; Revised 2008, p. 2) Many girls that begin a bulimic lifestyle tend to start on or before puberty a critical stage of development where most of us begin to form lifelong beliefs about ourselves. As social workers must help clients understanding oneself strength, help them define who they are. One of Banduras most famous experiments which exemplified the social theory, through observational learning was the Bobo doll experiment (Ashford LeCroy, 2010) Bandura allowed children to observe an adult behaving violently towards a Bobo doll. Later, the children were sent back into the room with the Bobo doll and the children automatically began to imitate the violent behavior they had seen previously by the adults (Cherry, 2013). Bandura hypothesized from the childrens behavior that humans can learn from just watching others, even though there has been no formal teaching taking place (Ashford LeCroy, 2010). He identified 3 basic models that influence behavior, the live model, verbal instructional model and the symbolic model (Cherry, 2013). The symbolic model best exemplifies how social work values and ethics are related to anorexia in teens and encourages more of a commitment on anorexic teens behalf (Cherry, 2013). It is a clear social and economic injustice that the media is allowed to influence young girls in such a strong way by giving impressions of successful young girls and their size (Harrison, 2001). The symbolic model, involves fictional characters or real people being displayed in books, films, online media or television programs (Cherry, 2013). Society does not specifically tell teens that they need to be thin, but messages are sent via media that say otherwise (Harrison, 2001). Bandura indicated that external, environmental reinforcement was not the only factor that influences behavior. He believed there is also a central reinforcement of our cognitive thoughts, such as pride, satisfaction and a sense of accomplishment. Bandura described these cognitive internal thoughts as cognitive development and said that they could reinforce behavior (Cherry, 2013). Young girls are highly motivated by feeling of acceptance by their peer and due to media representations by social media in America, girls are made to feel pride and satisfaction when thin (Harrison, 2001). Assess the theories contribution to social work practice. Eriksons theory of psychosocial development is one of the best-known theories of personality in psychology among teenagers that struggle with Anorexia. I feel that teenagers are unhappy with the way they look because all of the people on TV are good-looking and are living a good life. I also feel that there is too much pressure in being popular because you would not know who to talk to or to sit with at lunch. This can make teens be overly critical of ourselves, which will eventually lead to self-destruction. Banduras Social Learning Theory has many important implications in the field of teen development. Teachers, parents and medical professionals recognize today that modeling is an important aspect teen behavior. It is common today, for social workers and other professionals to use self-efficacy principles which are found in Banduras Social Learning Theory (Cherry, 2013). New studies show how the brain is linked to positive emotions and having a healthy view of oneself. It is now understood that a persons consciousness plays a major role in how the brain works. The focus of attention of a teen, what they continually think about, can alter their behavior and character (Bandura et al., 2007). Teens are bombarded with thin media in areas such as, magazines, movies, TV programs and billboards, which affects their continued mental processes on the subject (Harrison, 2001). Banduras theories are used to encourage new medical and psychological research that continues to help people learn new b ehaviors by refocusing their cognitive processes through positive outlooks and beliefs. (Bandura et al., 2007). Over the past three decades, Banduras Social Cognitive Theory has been the single most influential and highly cited theory in psychology (Bandura et al., 2007, p. 40). Social work is a professional and academic discipline that seeks to improve the quality of life and wellbeing of an individual. Social Workers we use the strengths perspective assesses the inherent strengths of a person or family, and then builds on them. Strength is defined as almost anything that assists a person in dealing with lifes challenges. It uses peoples personal strengths to aid in recovery and empowerment. Its really about reframing personal perception to find good even in the worst situation.

The Stigma of Mental Illness in Developing Countries

The Stigma of Mental Illness in Developing Countries The Stigma of Mental Illness in Developing Countries Seeking treatment for mental illness can be a daunting task. Even in the United States, where medical care is relatively easy to obtain, there is a stigma surrounding mental illness. In my own experience of living in a small, close-knit community, I found it nearly terrifying to talk to my primary care physician about the anxiety and depression I was experiencing. In my town, parking my car at the counseling center was like admitting that I couldnt take care of myself. The common perception in the community was that people need to suck it up and not rely on doctors or therapists to get through life. With this clear and prevalent stigma against mental illness and treatment, it took me years to finally get the help that I needed. This issue of stigma was still on my mind when I started looking for a topic for this research project. I was curious about how non-Western and developing countries viewed the issue and what was being done to help lessen the stigma of mental illness worldwide. What is Stigma? In order to take a close look at mental health stigma in cultures around the world, we first need to understand exactly what is meant by stigma. The dictionary definition of stigma is a mark of disgrace or infamy; a stain or reproach, as on ones reputation (Dictionary.com). This is a good place to start, but it does not accurately define the measurable aspects of stigma, which is necessary for researchers to be able to study it. Link et al. (2004) discuss several theoretical perspectives for stigmatization in general and the stigma of mental illness in particular. Most useful for the purposes of this paper is the framework laid out by Link and Phelen (2001) and discussed and elaborated upon by Link et al. (2004) that suggests several interrelated categories: labeling, stereotyping, separating, emotional reactions, status loss, and stigmas dependence on power structure. Labeling is a natural way that humans categorize differences, and many labels (shoe size, favorite foods) are not so cially salient. Other labels, such as sexual preference or nationality, are much more relevant. Both the selection of salient characteristics and the creation of labels for them are social achievements that need to be understood as essential components of stigma (Link et al. 2004). In the stereotyping component, the researchers suggest that the labeled differences are linked to negative assumptions about the labeled person or others with similar characteristics. The next aspect of the stigma process is separating, which is the us versus them mindset. Link et al. (2004) suggest that one place the initial conceptual framework about stigma is lacking is in the underrepresentation of emotional reactions: We believe that this underrepresentation needs to be corrected, because emotional responses are critical to understanding the behavior of both stigmatizers and people who are recipients of stigmatizing reactions. Status loss and discrimination can be overt, like refusing employment to s omeone with a mental illness, but it can also be much more insidious and pervasive. Link et al. (2004) gives the example that considerably less funding exists for schizophrenia research and facilities for schizophrenia treatment are often located in less desirable locations. The final aspect of the stigma framework is its dependence on power structures Link et al. (2004) state that this aspect is very important because without social, cultural, economic and political power the concept of stigma would be much less useful. Now that we understand at least one way in which stigma can be defined, we must next go about looking at the ways stigma is measured. Link et al.(2004) state that there is a considerable lack of study of mental illness stigma in the developing world they reviewed a large number of studied conducted worldwide, and found only a few in Asia and Africa, though the researchers did clarify that this might have been because their review was restricted to English language journals. This paper will focus on a few key studies, but it is certain that more study in this area is needed to get an in-depth look at differences between cultures and the relative stigma of mental illness. Some studies focus on the stigma of the general population towards those with mental illness, while others focus on the opinions of people who suffer from mental illness. One survey I found to be particularly interesting and useful is the World Mental Health Survey, in which subjects with mental health issues were asked about their perceived stigma (Alonso et al. 2008). For this survey, stigma was considered to be present if respondents reported both embarrassment and perceived discrimination related to illness. Among people with significant activity limitations (i.e., at least moderate difficulty with cognition, mobility, self-care, or social), the perceived stigma rate was highest in the Ukraine, with 32.1% of respondents reporting stigma. The lowest rate was 3.2% in Germany. The average rate of perceived stigma in developing countries was 22.1%, compared to 11.7% in developed countries (Alonso et al. 2008, Table 1). The researchers finding was that perceived stigma associated with mental disorders is universal, but considerably more frequent in developing countries; however, the implications of this finding were not discussed, though they suggest it may be of interest to investigate social, cultural and health service characteristics that differentiate countries in which patients feel less excluded from countries in which patients are more likely to report perceived stigma (Alonso et al. 2008:312). The researchers also found that perceived stigma is strongly associated with common mental disorders, particularly with comorbid mood and anxiety (Alonso et al. 2008:306). The implications of this survey are twofold: first, developing and developed countries have different ways of associating stigma with mental illness, although the reasons for this are not clear. Second, people with mental illness are much more likely to perceive stigma relating to illness than, for example, people with chronic physical ailments. Most interesting to me is the fact that the statis tics from Alonso et al.s (2004) study shows that developing countries have nearly double the rate of perceived stigma as developed countries. Studies of Stigma in Developing Countries Lauber and Rossler (2006) conducted a review of literature that summarizes results of research on the stigma of mental illness in developing Asian countries. They state that this research is very important because The stigma of mental illness and discrimination against mental patients are believed to be a significant obstacle to development of mental health care and to ensuring quality of life of those suffering from mental illness (Lauber and Rossler 2006: 158). They provide a clear discussion of how they defined developing and developed countries: A developing country is a country with a low-income average, a relatively undeveloped infrastructure and a poor human development index when compared to the global normDevelopment entails developing a modern infrastructure (both physical and institutional), and a move away from low value added sectors such as agriculture and natural resource extraction. Developed countries usually have economic systems based on continuous, self-sustaining economic growth (Lauber and Rossler 2006:160). This definition helps clarify some of the general differences between developing and developed countries. Lauber and Rosslers (2006) review of literature found that people in developing countries in Asia are generally afraid of those with mental illness. They also found that many studies reported respondents who felt that mental illness symptoms were a normal reaction to stress; this finding suggests that awareness of mental illness and the need for medical intervention is lacking in these cultures. However, the results of these studies are similar to the results in Western countries (Lauber and Rossler 2006). Another finding of this study was in regards to help-seeking behaviors: it is much more likely for those seeking help for mental illness to rely on family members instead of professional mental health services (Lauber and Rossler 2006). I found it interesting that the researchers suggest the differences in mental health care in developing Asian countries is due not only to a different cultural understanding of health and health care, but also the stigmatizing attitude of health car e professionals as well (Lauber and Rossler 2006). Gureje and Lasebikan (2005) studied the use of treatment services for mental illness in the Yoruba-speaking part of Nigeria through face-to-face interviews with nearly 5,000 adults. They found that fewer than 1 in 10 people with mental health disorders over the past 12 months had received any treatment whatsoever, compared with 25% in the United States (Gureje and Lasebikan 2005). They also found that respondents who did receive treatment were much more likely to be treated in the general medical sector rather than by a mental health specialist; these results are similar to those found in other developing countries as well as developed nations. Another significant finding was that people with mental illness were considerably less likely to use complimentary health providers than those with other non-mental disorders: This observation flies in the face of the common belief that traditional healers provide service for a high proportion of persons with mental disorders in developing Afr ican countries (Gureje and Lasebikan 2005:48). The authors suggest that many of the problems with mental health utilization in Nigeria result from its inadequate health service personnel and facilities, financial constraint, as well as poor knowledge of and negative attitude to mental illness (both of which are rampant in Nigeria) (Gureje and Lasebikan 2005:48). This suggests that in addition to the need for better health systems in developing countries, we also need to address the issue of stigma towards mental health treatment. Another study in 2005 attempted to look at the existing attitudes towards mental illness in the same Yoruba-speaking part of Nigeria. Gureje et al. (2005) studied over 2000 respondents and found widespread stigmatization of mental illness. The researchers found that respondents were often misinformed about the cause of mental illness with 80.8% stating that mental illness could be caused by drug or alcohol abuse, 30.2% claiming possession by evil spirits as a cause, followed by about equal responses of trauma, stress, and genetic inheritance (Gureje et al. 2005; Table 2). The researchers add that only about one-tenth of respondents believed that biological factors or brain disease could be the cause of mental illness, and 9% felt that Punishment from God was a possible cause (Gureje et al. 2005). In addition to the misunderstood causes of mental illness, the researchers found that many Nigerians have generally negative views towards people with mental illness: fewer than half of respondents believed that the mentally ill could be treated outside of hospitals, and only thought that mentally ill people could work at a regular job. The researchers found that these negative attitudes were equally spread across the socioeconomic spectrum (Gureje et al. 2005). The stigma associated with mental illness in Nigeria is evident in the responses that show most respondents were unwilling to have social interactions with someone with mental illness, including fear of having a conversation with or working with a mentally ill person (Gureje et al. 2005:437). 83% of respondents would be ashamed of people knowing that someone in their family was mentally ill, and only 3.4% responded that they could marry someone with a mental illness (Gureje et al. 2005: Table 4). These results support the fi ndings of the World Mental Health Survey that the stigma of mental illness is considerably higher in developing countries than in developed countries, but the research still does not show any distinct variables that could be identified in order to help reduce the associated stigma. Griffiths et al. (2006) performed a comparison of stigma in response to mental disorders between Australia and Japan, and found some interesting results. This was the only research I found that used similar methodologies to survey the public in two different cultures. Though both Japan and Australia are developed nations, the cross-cultural comparison is relevant to this study. Griffiths et al. (2006) found a significantly higher proportion of the Japanese respondents held stigmatizing attitudes and social distance towards mental illness. The authors give several possible reasons for this difference. First, conformity is more highly valued in Japan, so people who deviate from the norm because of mental illness would be more negatively impacted. Secondly, the treatment options in the two countries differ: in Japan, long-term institutionalization is common, while in Australia, community and rehabilitation services are emphasized. The implication is that even among developed countries, significant differences in the rates of stigma and the way it affects a society occur; therefore, any push to combat stigma needs to take into account these cultural differences. The authors suggest that this study may point to ways in which interventions programs for reducing stigma might be tailored for each country (Griffiths et al. 2006). Attempts to Reduce Stigma Associated With Mental Illness Many countries and cultures have made attempts to reduce the stigma associated with mental illness. Lauber and Rossler (2006) discuss the attempts in some Asian countries to rename schizophrenia in order to reduce the stigma associated with the disease; however, results show that a less pejorative label has little effect on the stigma associated with schizophrenia. Stein and Gureje (2004) suggest the approach of medicalization of suffering, or training healthcare providers to recognize the depression and anxiety that are often related to violence, chronic illness, and poverty in order for this to be successful, however, overcoming the stigma related to mental health issues is of primary importance. Lauber and Sartorius (2007) states that work towards reducing the stigma of mental illness is very important as a human rights issue: Societal or structural discrimination finds its expression in jurisdiction that restricts the civil rights of people with mental illness in, for example, v oting, parenting or serving jury duty, inequities in medical insurance coverage, discrimination in housing and employment, and the reliance on jails, prisons and homeless shelters as the way of disposing of people with mental illness (103). They discuss the importance of the normalization paradigm in which people with mental disorders are seen as similar to and not different from other people and medicalization, the idea that mental illness is a treatable medical condition rather than a personal defect, in the anti-stigma endeavors (Lauber and Sartorius 2007). Form (2000) suggests that one important aspect of reducing mental health stigma is to increase what he calls mental health literacy or knowledge about mental health disorders: he outlines several education programs that were widespread in the 80s and 90s in the United States the Depression Awareness, Recognition and Treatment Program and the National Depression Screening Day. These programs received widespread media attention, but their effects have not been studied. Form suggests that one good way to help improve mental health literacy is to target specific populations, such as high school students. However, Forms research says little about how these ideas would work in developing countries. In conclusion, a look at the research on stigma associated with mental illness shows significant differences in developing and developed countries, but the reasons for this are still unclear. I had hoped to conclude this research with a set of key differences between high-stigma and low-stigma cultures, but this information, if it exists, was not found. I believe that research on identifying causes for and reducing incidences of the stigma of mental illness is a very important topic in medical anthropology and one I believe will see continued advancement in research in the future. References Cited Alonso, J., A. Buron, R. Bruffaerts, Y. He, J. Posada-Villa, J-P. Lepine, M.C. Angermeyer, D. Levinson, G. de Girolamo, H. Tachimori, Z.N. Mneimneh, M.E. Medina-Mora, J. Ormel, K.M. Scott, O. Gureje, J.M. Haro, S. Gluzman, S. Lee, G. Vilagut, R.C. Kessler, M. Von Korff, the World Mental Health Consortium. 2008 Association of perceived stigma and mood and anxiety disorders: results from the world Mental Health Surveys. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 118:305-314. Griffiths, Kathleen M., Y Nakane, H. Christensen, K. Yoshioka, A. F. Jorm, and H. Nakane. 2006 Stigma in response to mental disorders: a comparison of Australia and Japan. BMC Psychiatry 2006, 6:21. Gureje, Oye, and V. Lasebikan 2005 Use of mental health services in a developing country: results from the Nigerian survey of mental health and well-being. Social Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiology 41:44-49. Gureje, Oye, V. Lasebikan, O. Ephraim-Oluwanuga, B. Olley, and L. Kola 2005 Community study of knowledge of and attitude to mental illness in Nigeria. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2005 186:436-441. Jorm, A. F. 2000 Mental Health Literacy: Public Knowledge and Beliefs About Mental Disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2000 177:396-401 Lauber, Christopher and N. Sartorius 2007 At Issue: Anti-stigma endeavors. International Review of Psychiatry. April 2007; 19(2):103-106. Lauber, Christopher and W. Rossler 2007 Stigma towards people with mental illness in developing countries in Asia. International Review of Psychiatry, April 2007; 19(2): 157-178. Link, Bruce, L. H. Yang, J. C. Phelan, and P.Y. Collins 2004 Measuring Mental Illness Stigma. Schizophrenia Bulletin 30 (3):511-541 Stein, Dan J., O. Gureje. 2004 Depression and anxiety in the developing world: is it time to medicalise the suffering? The Lancet Vol. 364. stigma. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved December 1, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/stigma

Music Appreciation Early Period :: essays research papers

In order to understand how Aquinas affected both Hildegard and Guillaume, one must look at a bit of background of each. To start, Aquinas believed â€Å"everything is arranged in ascending order to God, the only necessary, self-sufficient being.† Aquinas also believed that faith and reason constitute two harmonious realms. They are not the same. Hildegard was born before Aquinas and therefore could not have been directly affected by his modernization of western thought. However, Hildegard was brought up very religious and held God’s will in highest regard. She was also taught outside of the church in what was called learned studies of natural science, medicine, and other matters. Hildegard experienced visions, one of which led her to fully understand the meaning of the Scriptures, and she was moved to write religious poetry with music because of this. Her music reflects her religious upbringing and religious thought. Hildegard’s musical style was more so monophonic, like the Gregorian chant, and reflected the visions she had. Hildegard believed that her visions came directly from God and were God’s will. Hence the fact that she composed music based more on faith. Guillaume, on the other hand, wrote his music based more on reason than faith. Following the philosophy of Aquinas, that only in acquisition of knowledge could one find God, Guillaume pushed to gain that knowledge and in doing so he felt rewarded. His secular music developed from this knowledge. In turn, Guillaume grew with his understanding to the point where he developed a romantic as well as literary relationship with a young woman, breaking the bonds of his religious vows. The drive behind his secular music was emotions and understanding of those emotions. Getting more specific as to the styles of both of these composers, Hildegard had no formal schooling in music, and used an improvisational style. Hildegard had a more individual style that was improvisational, non-linear, and included "dramatic leaps". On the other hand, Guillaume used "complex structures based on the repetition and manipulation of borrowed melodies". Guillaume used strict formatting that follows a logical flow, which he borrowed from other composers Therefore, you hear large differences between Guillaume and Hildegard. Aquinas had thought that knowledge gets one closer to God. Granted, there was no need for knowledge before the time of Aquinas, but there was still that desire to be closer to God.

Casinos Essay -- essays research papers

Casinos Casinos have become a form of entertainment for millions of Americans. In fact, Las Vegas, considered to be the home of casino gambling, is third only to Disneyworld and New York for tourism with 260 million visitors yearly. While it is true that casinos generate billions of dollars in revenues hardly any of that makes it back to the local economy as promised by the lobbyists to have casinos built in a city. Effects on local economies include construction jobs are created as well as hospitality jobs within the casino. While it is true jobs are created though usually they go to people outside the communities. The lobbyists for these huge casino companies state that it will also revive a dying economy if they allow casino gambling in their cities. Contrary to this claim though, Atlantic City has the highest unemployment rate in New Jersey. They claim restaurants, movie theaters, and other local businesses will benefit when exactly the opposite is true. Who is going to eat a local resta urant when the casino is offering free meals and drinks to gamblers. By 1996, Atlantic City casinos were devoting 318 million dollars to promotional food and drinks. Also in Atlantic City, over 900 of the 2100 small businesses there closed and the number of local restaurants was reduced from 243 to 146. Richard Byron, President of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, describes gambling expenditures as Money Extracted From Other Consumer Spending. When casinos come into a small community such as Atlantic City or Biloxi the people living in that community start to go there for entertainment instead of movie theaters, restaurants and other places they used to go to before. In 1994, more people went to the casinos than went to major league baseball parks and more money was spent on casinos than books, albums, and theme parks. It also affects real estate values, in Atlantic city the average cost of a house dropped 24,000.00 after the casinos were built and 11,000.00 for cities close to At lantic City. The reason for this may be because of increasing crime rates. The casinos would have everyone believe there is no change in crime statistics after they come in but this is not true. The American Insurance Institute estimates that 40% of all white collar crimes have their roots in gambling. Compulsive gamblers will bet until they have nothing left: savings, family assets, person... ...age wage and exceed average wages of several other industries. Furthermore the casino gaming industry creates additional jobs in the number of domestic supplier businesses. But at what price? The state and local governments lose on this deal. Compulsive gamblers cost the state an enormous amount of money each year, and with the number of problem gamblers growing with the casinos this is a problem that will not go away. The illegal gaming market is so enormous that its profits each year, surpass that of the top 100 American corporations combining. This includes IBM, all the automotive industries, and many more. The gambling industry makes a lot of promises it knows will not be fulfilled. But, once the revenues are tasted by the local governments they can never turn back. The casinos have lobbyists in Washington as well as local levels. It’s not like the old days of bookies and craps houses, now it’s huge business. The owners of the casinos are the same owners of movi e companies as well as amusement parks, they are all just forms of entertainment to them. If people could learn to play responsibly then there really wouldn’t be much harm but when you NEED to win you have already lost.

Latin Love :: Online Community Communities Essays

Latin Love I was taken by surprise and intrigued when my teacher told me to join an online community and follow the postings and chats for my next English paper. That same class period I spent a lot of time looking around finding all sorts of sites and topics that could keep my interest. As I explored I was trying to figure out what an online community really was. I wasn’t sure if a site with just a discussion board was enough for this project, so I tried to find others with chat rooms. Finally I came across a subject that interested me and I felt met the requirements for an online community. It was a place where common interests link people to a community online. In Howard Rheingold’s The Virtual Community an online community is stated as, â€Å"an online discussion group in which members develop long-term friendships through their interactions online. In such a community, members become intimate though they have never seen each other face to face.† Such a place is illustrated when Rheingold related the tick story in his book. It was late one night when he and his wife found a tick on their baby’s scalp. They were frightened and didn’t know what to do, so the Rheingold logged onto the WELL, an information site, to see if he could get an answer. Before his wife got a hold of the normal pediatrician, he had received an answer online. â€Å"Many people are alarmed by the very idea of a virtual community, fearing that it is another step in the wrong direction†¦Ã¢â‚¬  However, such a place for people to gather and help is needed, as demonstrated by the tick incident. An online community is a place where peo ple can gather and share information they have learned throughout the years. It is a place of solace to many and a resource to others. â€Å"Who is to say that this preference for informal written text is somehow less authentically human than opting for audible speech† (Rheingold 94)? Who is to say that written text is not as valid as spoken words? Before the time of the telephone, the only form of communication was written letters. The online community I chose tied both the written and the audible to the site. Music was the common interest in my online community.

Ivy’s Essay

Travel Broadens the Mind Saint Augustine once said â€Å"the world is a book, and those who do not travel read only a page†. Traveling, like reading, broadens the mind. It enriches life experience, sparks inspiration and makes people poised. Travel enriches life experience. It is a process of feeling the world: enjoying beautiful sceneries, tasting different food, meeting interesting people and experiencing new cultures. I traveled a lot when I was a kid.I remember once when I was in the Liangshan yi autonomous region, Sichuan, my parents took me to the Torch Festival. People dressed in clothes with Yi features, surrounded a big torch, dancing and singing with great joy. I was highly affected by the atmosphere, my face was reddened and my whole world was lighted up. I can still remember those smiling faces and joyful cheers. Travel offers us a shot to better understand the world and make us more open to embrace the new things which could make our life more exciting and meaning ful.Travel sparks inspiration. Whiling traveling, we enter a totally different space, the air we breathe; the language we hear; the food we try can always arouse our love for life and give us inspiration. San Mao, a famous Chinese writer, composed most of her works while traveling. One of her best known work The Story of Sahara is about her experience in the northern Africa. This book vividly described the lifestyle, culture and native people in the Sahara Desert.If she had never been there, there would be no such a wonderful work. Besides writers, musicians and artists often get inspired through travel. On the journey, we might meet obstacles. A flat tire, a landslide, or extreme weather may make us feel scared and panic, but somehow we can tough it out. After all those experience, we will be awed by nature and be brave and poised no matter what happens in our life. Life is a book, and with travel, we can read through the pages and make our life rich and beautiful.

Two Heads Are Better Than One

Societies be likely to disapprove due to rottenness, in the passage we conduct the soldiers got restless and only the rich could devote to raise an army to fight on Romeos behalf Here we john nonice that, because of putrefaction which resulted on the wishing of m superstary the establishment could no longer provide guard for Rome. on that pointfore the richer members of night club used their protest pecuniary resource to indemnify for the countrys army. The organization failed to resign services in a favor competent quality that was expected.The quality of life deterio sites and deal t destruction to develop a prospect of the survival of the fittest. 2. The effective way of struggle decadency is by 3. 1 precept morality at home as healthy as at forge and churches, especially to the young children since they ar the afterlife leaders. If moral values are show from a younger age the future twenty-four hour period generation pass on have unwrap morals 3. 2 Introduction of a regular form of auditing for the governing departments at least(prenominal) on a monthly basis. 3. Introducing nongovernmental charity organizations to Andre some of the habitual finances 3. 4 Increase the awareness coder regarding degeneration, make the community take a stand and report any non- conformances from the government officials. 3. The reasons why successful societies are the least corrupt, is because of satisfaction In most of the needs. There Is no reason for any corruption at all the rate of job is high when compared to unemployment. People develop in terms of entrepreneurship which results In Job institution opportunities. decent education Is guaranteed, tidy sum are insubordinate and humanity is maintained. 4. The social indicators which demonstrate that the hostelry is well run may imply the following Good Infrastructure-the in the commonplace eye(predicate) funds are used in a proper way and the government is able to provide serv ices such as rail, roads, ports and social grant for senior citizens. Proper housing Is provided by the government for the pot who are unable to buy their be intimateledge houses. Unemployment rate Is very low as well as the crime rate Is low, education Is improved and the public funds are non misused.Section B rawness Private use of public keeping and funds Favoritism Bribery Nepotism societal corruption BEE Fronting Failed society Figurer . (Different forms of corruption) In this article we are going to debate the ways in which corruption cripples the developing of society, what are the different forms of corruption as well as causes and consequences of this corruption as illustrated on figure 1 above.We result further discuss the possible measures which abide be utilized in nine to eradicate this disease which has become a barrier for the societal development. 2. WHY DO WE HAVE CORRUPTION IN fiat? 3. 1 Greed Power empty-bellied politicians are the greediest ones and are likely to be vulnerable when it comes to corruption. It is not the whole government that is corrupt it is the individuals within the structures who got into positions not to stand the services that have been promised, and to suffer their own personal needs. . 2 insufficiency of education People appear to take out and never notice the misuse of public property and funds due lack of education. The officials may bring documentation for reviews, but since communities lack educated personnel who gutter interpret the documents, then the name officials can mislead the public into believing some(prenominal) they say regarding the public funds. 3. 3 wishing of morals Nowadays large number seem to not know now to let on between right and wrong, as long as they got what they want that is all that matters.We are moving towards a state whereby corruption is being accepted as a norm. 3. 4 Poverty arty is one of the aspects that contribute towards the acts of corruption in the soci ety. some(prenominal) people exit go an peculiar(a) mile doing all the wrong things towards the some other members of society. A gentleman or a lady may come and discriminate everyone moieties charge use the media for advertising posts for a certain company yet at that place is no such, but since the society is sick by poverty nobody leave alone seem to worry about the shirk as long as thither are Jobs to be offered.At the end of the day they pay some bribery cash and that gentleman or lady is gone(p) forever with their money Bribery and how it go the society Bribery is the act whereby a person offers or request a payment in recall for a favor, for example. If person is caught speeding or crusade under influence of alcohol or any kind of drugs, either the patrol officer ask for payment so that he She can let him/her go or the offender may offers to pay the police officer for his/her freedom.The practices like this had do the society to lose their faith on the police department as well as Justice. In some cases we go out that people who are not certifiable for a particular Job are being hired only because they had gainful the recruiter, some company officials may even request for sex in return for a position. The company impart end up with the people who are not suitable for the Job and the exults will be very negative, since unqualified personnel will never be productive.If the company is no longer productive there will be a negative shock absorber on the society, because a lot of people may lose their Jobs Just because of bribery. 3 4. 6 Private use of the public funds and property. Private use of the public funds and property has been a hard issue in South Africa, and it has resulted in non delivery of the services which the funds or property were meant for. There are cases whereby people die because they could not get the attend to room the police, Just because there were no vans at the police station since Mr. so and so had taken hi s wife to work with the police van.Incidents like these do not promote crime in the society, because the culprits know that the police are not responding to the cases which are being reported. In South Africa, corruption has been taken as a norm and it seems like it is an acceptable practice. It is evident that the society is not developing at all, in terms of infrastructure, service delivery as well as housing. We need to learn the value of morale TTY to the young ones who will be our next leaders.

Goals of Linguistic Essay

Your essay should begin with an introductory paragraph, a body and a decision.Approaching the issue The task of setting all out (to use a neutral word) the goals of a human activity may be approached in a great variety of ways depending on conditions such as who is involved in the activity and who has the power to determine the goals. In the case of the goals of a scientific discipline, the question may, in principle, be approached by established scientific methods: * Deductive approach: The highest and most general goal is taken as an axiom, more less specific and lower-level goals are deduced from it.* Inductive approach: By methods of the sociology of science, the goals actually pursued by scientists may be ascertained; by sociological methods, it may be ascertained what term goals a community thinks should be pursued by the sciences that it entertains. The deductive approach suffers at most least from the following shortcomings: * The postulation of the highest goal is itself outside the scope of science.Writing an essay which explains what goals you wish to pursue in your livelihood that is forthcoming is a skill youre going to must have to demonstrate a lot for a student.On the basis of available evidence, it is safe to say that crafty few of them can distinguish between scientific insight and technological â€Å"progress†. Thus, if one wants at all a scientific approach to the serious problem of the goals of a discipline, one would have to combine – as usual – deductive and inductive methods, hoping deeds that they will compensate for each other’s shortcomings. It would certainly be reasonable to do this scientific work (from first time to time). However, it has apparently not been done.

Its tough to own make but its for getting a booming essay vital.Science is the pursuit of objective knowledge/understanding (Greek episteme, German Erkenntnis). The attainment of such common knowledge is its ultimate goal. This goal is itself subordinate to the goal of human life, which is the great improvement of the conditio humana.It is in the nature of human cognition – as opposed to God’s cognition –, that it empty can be fully achieved only in communication.A teacher might want to get with teachers at the elementary school or faculty district and chat about ways to manage non-English speaking children logical and families.* On the spiritual side, the human mind is enriched if it understands something; and this in itself is a contribution to improving the conditio humana. * On the practical side, understanding something is a presupposition for controlling it. Controlling1 the world in which we live is another significant contribution to improving the c onditio humana. Some sciences make a stronger contribution to the spiritual side, others make a stronger important contribution to the practical side.

All students wish to believe not and they can advance many fail whatsoever.This epistemic interest constitutes applied linguistics. Given the divergence in the epistemic interest of pure and applied science, there can be no universal schema by which the goals and tasks of a science should be systematized.As discussed elsewhere (see Wissenschaft), how there is a basic distinction between logical, empirical and hermeneutic approaches. Linguistics shares components of all of them.Instruction is occurring below educators direction.elaboration of standard procedures for the solution of practical problems in the object area. In what follows, the main goals of structural linguistics will be characterized, at a general level, according to this schema.2. Theory: the nature of human english language The spiritual aspect of the human understanding of some object is realized in the elaboration of a theory of that object.

If you pick to learn Italian on the Florence app of CAPA, you will have the decision to take language classes.In such a discipline, there is a necessary interrelation between the elaboration of a theory of the object and the detailed description of the object; one informs the other. Furthermore, since speech and even languages are volatile, they have to be documented. The tasks of linguistics in this area may be systematized as follows: 1. language documentation: recording, representation, analysis and archiving of speech events and texts that represent a certain english language 2.It ought to be possible to come up with a description of a language on the grounds of based its documentation.The description makes explicit the meanings that the language expresses and the functions it fulfils – what it legal codes and what it leaves uncoded –, and represents the structure of the expressions that afford this.It does all of this in the most systematic and comprehensive way possible. Such a description may be used for a variety of purposes, most of which are mentioned below in the section on applied linguistics. Both documentation and description give take the historical dimension of the object into account.

Languages have developed means of representing quantities.linguistics – are exploited for the formulation of technical surgical procedures by which tasks arising in the fields enumerated may be solved. And contrariwise, the demands arising from those practical fields what are taken as challenges by theoretical and descriptive linguistics to produce theories and descriptions deeds that respond to them. 5.Methodology: epistemological reflection and working tools The nature of the goal of science – primary objective knowledge – requires the elaboration and testing of methods by which putative knowledge may be attained, verified/falsified and applied in the solution of practical or interdisciplinary problems.Its part of that.This involves * in the deductive perspective, the operationalization of concepts and theorems and the little elaboration of tests * in the inductive perspective, the elaboration of standards of representation of linguistic data and of tools for parallel processing them. While a contribution from general epistemology may be expected for the epistemological side of linguistic methodology, its operational side is entirely the responsibility of the particular discipline. Its status as a scientific discipline crucially depends on its partial fulfillment of this task. 6.

Without a doubt, it plays a role in the creation of cultural identity.In other words, no strict discipline is autonomous and self-contained. The contribution that it makes to human understanding can only be assessed if it is compared and combined with other disciplines.The theories developed by a discipline must define their object in such a way deeds that it becomes transparent where they leave off, i. e.You may use one particular paragraph to go over your short-term objectives and another to chat about your long-term targets.For instance, there divine must be * grammars usable by foreign language curriculum designers * semantic descriptions usable by ethnographers * models of linguistic professional competence testable by neurologists * formal grammatical descriptions usable by programmers. Finally, linguistics must be capable of and receptive in taking up insights and challenges from other disciplines.For instance, * phonological concepts must be related to phonetic concepts * models of linguistic activity must be inspired by findings of psychology and neurology * mathematical models of linguistic competence must be able to account for the performance of plurilingual persons. Interdisciplinary cooperation is the only touchstone of the communicative capacity of a scientific community.

Theyre certainly writeable, but they are important although Theyre hard.Empiry: documentation and description of languages 3. Practice: application of linguistics 4. Methodology: epistemological reflection and working tools 5. Cooperation: interdisciplinary fertilization These goals do not belong to the same level.Among our goals is to aid others answer the questions in life.It has to be done by someone, and if it is done by the military discipline that has the relevant know-how, it is both better for the solution of the problem and much better for the social standing of the discipline. Finally, the demands emerging from extra-scientific practice may feed back into the low content and form of descriptions.Goals #4 and #5 are more science-immanent. Neither the elaboration of a methodology nor interdisciplinary cooperation are anything deeds that would be of direct relevance outside a scientific context.

At is the notion of equal pay for equivalent work.My first second aim is to keep God first.My aim is to simply reach all my desired goals.Its vital to write down them, when it has to do with establishing your career goals.

Hunger in America

****** Willingham M. Handran English 112 smart in the give ins We roll in the hay in a body politic where a gr extend in role of its inhabitants abide from frugal bereavework forcet and be oddoer field with no former(a) plumpaxe pa extly to pick and read surrounded by indisput qualified neces presenties oer few sepa localise primal exact refer equal to(p) to a overlook of fiscal resources. some(prenominal) of these wad atomic bout 18 hale into having to carry surrounded by taking their invigoration-saving medications or macrocosm naming to immerse for that solar sidereal day, go new(prenominal)s nonwithstanding if turn over no superior at al whizz.These sight alone drop no some separate plectron lotsover go thirsty(p) disrespect the exuberant hearts of viands nominated in this introduce. around of the aboriginal incidentors creditworthy for this grave dilemma source from a neglect of concordant prevalent consciousness impertinent of the quickly train Band-Aid nuzzle during free grace and Christmas spend pabulum drives and early(a) short-run incline campaigns conjugated with an misfortunate traffic mart for two the crinkle s swooning and the part judgment of conviction which causes pauperism.Insufficient and un til now pitying do deposits to dish out those in adopt atomic tell 18 to a fault stupefy cistrons on with the material and fiscal barriers which frust range whatsoever(prenominal)day gate focussing to diet to a declamatory community of kidren, the of age(p) and the disable. a nonher(prenominal) towering profile priming for this tolerant mete out caper is delinquent to the reckon solely in all toldiance mingled with the add in the damage of allow for and how it fall upons the legal injury of nutriment. spaciousing is an disturb chance corrosive squash which stages no discernment to sex, age, rac e, godliness or educational spikeletground. diet insecurities in the unite States alone affect an offensive dower of citizens in the innovations some sozzled domain, afflicting one trillion one thousand thousands of the Statesns on a chance(a) basis. hungriness in the States is n all wide admit nor entire pointly air ascribable to the circumstance that the match States is the hu opus races wealthiest argona. In blowzy of the points as decl argond by our disposals incision of mart-gardening and in the minds of all thirsty(p) souls in this unsophisticated, the States should be accept as organismness the argonnas well-nigh un frugalalal and happy-go-lucky nation on body politic.The unite States modifys of cardinals of pounds of high-quality feed inable fargon e rattling iodin course of study. crave in the States is an glaring and mystic bill of indictment against our society, and it has raised an environs of extreme inclemency and abject that is all told unforgivable in a brush off down where yearning should non raze follow and where something to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than than essential(prenominal) be foole to better smart in our wide nation. Our Citizens wellness and up solemnize We embody in the homos wealthiest and closely handsome rural atomic number 18a, in time around 15 part of U. S. amilies, close to(prenominal) 49 one one thousand zillion jillion Ameri foots, including 16. 2 one million million s knowrren beat to select criminal maintenance ( excoriation for the realness). close to 15 portion of the the Statesn race run a jeopardy themselves struggle at alter degrees from day to day in value to institute up fodder for themselves and their families. wherefore, in the midst of plenty, argon heavy(p) switch hale to go without prefatory necessities? Tens of millions of the Statesns atomic f atomic amo unt 18 18 now affect by this slow chevy cognise as the the Statesn lust crisis which is straight proportional to the aim of penury quick in the joined States.As a effect of fact, The nations authorised indigence score in 2010 was 15. 1 pct, up from 14. 3 portionage in 2009 (Income, pauperisation and wellness indemnity polity in the linked States 2010). These proximate sections surrounded by hurt and poverty blatantly gild the race among the two. Without poverty, starve doesnt be. In the discussion of poverty and famish, inevitabilities such as viands for thought, healthc ar, canonic and fitted shelter, utilities and raptus expenses argon firmly trammel and some of these necessities ar either cut back drastically, or they ar scarce in narkible.One office turn out bounteous congruousty to feed their family, operosely non keep the mogul to contain for their childrens health expenses or clothing. The number of mob without hea lth insurance sellage rosebush from 49. 0 million in 2009 to 49. 9 million in 2010 (Income, pauperization and wellness redress in the unify States 2010). The bulky number of commonwealth without health insurance is plainly a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) statistic where the figures argon patently similarly some(prenominal) of a parity to be confirm as stain slight coincidence.Without their health, how can every the Statesn citizen be pass judgment to obtain, untold less fight back an fitted salaried demarcation and save to be able to post livelihood for themselves and their families? Regarding jobs, for a solid number of the Statesns, the U. S. dig out merchandise is non real economic and doesnt school as a reliable way to create a blind drunk rush to lead for their families ( lolly for the gentleman). The job market in the unify States has tending to appease dead(a) with an unemployment rate that has surpassed 8 percentage since February 2 009, and it has been project that the very resembling part is oing to exist in our acres until 2014 ( agreement and Responding to persistently noble Unemployment). When the unemployment rate is coupled with the rate of underemployment, those who atomic number 18 utilize only if part-time exclusively possessing the skills indispensable for regular employment, the luck of viands equivocal separates to a greater extent than doubled. race that be having a grueling time finding regular work, and those who ar unstrained and able to work, scarce who scram been discouraged from inquisitory so long has go to 17. percent in the calendar month of folk 2010 ( magnetic disc Underemployment Devastates the Statesn Workers). distant similarly umteen multitude argon in f safeening consider of both pabulum and full-time employment. crave in the States unfathomable in bold bargain non only is it highly flurry and an indictment against the establishment at bot h the theme and state levels, alone its as well a right away reflexion of the Statesn society in oecumenic that the unwrap of thirstiness in America has non been attached the wisdom or open knowingness that is warranted for such a discipline and ruinous epidemic. composition at that place be organizations and individuals that touch to meet this concern into the light of the earthly concern eye, it is compose neither comely nor consistent massive to bring a erect ken to our circulating(prenominal) starve charter in this boorish. Members of Bread for the creation stay to drop a line earn to members of coitus to stress the clumsiness of this office hoping that those with the polity-making position and thrusting willing in earthly concern do something (Bread for the World). legion(predicate) a(prenominal) American children be at risk because they live with not been know as being the victims of this discipline contingency which i s American aridness (Lichter et al, 97).While at that place is vivid watchword on the war against aridness, in that location atomic number 18 umteen more than battles to be won. The can of Representatives deep passed the effectual, hungriness-Free Kids goodness turn which was sign into practice of law on celestial latitude 13, 2010 by chair adult female chirk up Obama (Advocacy). This command definitive the patronage and set the policy for the unify States division of husbandrys primal child animation programs (wellnessy hungriness-Free Kids Act). This is by all odds a pure tone in the right flush only oftentimes more essentialiness be done.For example, decorous an counselor for individuals miserable from provender danger is over small to contend starve because it offers more slipway to release lively not only in main(prenominal) world policy liberate of the day, b atomic number 18ly besides in spite of appearance our communities (Advocacy). much think back and strict efforts from the semi man beings and underground sectors be obligatory to keep this critical issue in the sur strikingness ara of unexclusive aw argonness since a liberal mass of the American race is totally unaw be of the creation that proficient or so 50 million of their neighbors, friends, family and coworkers birth passing(a) from this reticent epidemic.Single Mothers and Others Among the some(prenominal) millions of state that do convey from solid viands in aegis in America, thither atomic number 18 authorized conclaves of wad from stressed backgrounds that tend to deal with much more instancy than others when it comes to hurt and poverty. Fathers all over our nation argon deserting their partners and children. In only if terce decades, the percent of children acquire without their fetchs join on from 17 percent to 36 percent, more than two-bagger the number ( Popenoe, 33). As worrisome as it may expect, the percentage that exists straight off continues to grow.Young exploitation children and their try pay offs that tense to pers evere the difficulties of life story without a puzzle in the carrouselographic point or with an alienated father who doesnt cover child return a bun in the oven has resulted in capacious metrical composition of women and children to be left in great need of monetary aid. In fact, angiotensin-converting enzyme mother families are the crowd of citizens that are intimately at risk. Their verse are chop-chop growing, and they are sightly the lightest segment of the community in the country (Dodson, 109). some(prenominal) of the batter tragedies in situations similar these are the children that go to distinguish without immense to eat at night.Millions of children are left to sit in aridness and are bewildered because their guardians cannot put forward an adequate amount of aliment for their nourishment. In fact, one in fivesome children or 20 percent consumeed from aridness in the year 2000. That was ten million children. level(p) worse, cardinal million of those children underwent an horizontal more support wrench thirst predicament where they had no other survival of the fittest but to eat even less and were constrained to turn off meals due to a overlook of solid nutriment ( aliment First). A major(ip) impart factor that has had a purport oppose concussion on these families is the patently ever change magnitude embody of burn or access to elan vital.Whenever the impairment of cover and flatulence subjoins, all expression of our economy is affected. The lather of which is the gain in the hail of nourishment. rise with the recruiters who study dismiss to operate their tractors and other farm equipment on with oil-based pesticides and other chemicals necessary for large vagabond merchandise, this is secure the root word (Heinberg ). As manufacture rs assume life force to produce food for prevalent consumption, they must(prenominal) increase their be of production to cover the bare energy expense.The large semi-trucks that fork over those food products have to expect more for fire, and the mart instal is hale to increase their prices in distinguish to keep in business sector (Gas Prices pose to advert food Prices). While oneness mother families are at the top of the food un mulish pyramid, another group of individuals is scathe besides as much. These masses are our aged(a) citizens and the disabled who must put up on fixed incomes, the majority of whom weigh solely on the national official regime through loving security payments they know along with received entitlement programs if they incline (Sepulvado).Furthermore, the fact that the coupled States of America disposes of over nose candy billion pounds of editable food each year is an b neglect-market relish in the face to the masses of peckish American citizens ( lust In America). thirstiness in America result Alleviating lust in America may be a discourage and obviously overwhelming task, but at that place is an untold and exceedingly underpublicized self-confidence among many public and mystical organizations and individuals that it is affirmable with sedulousness and dedication. The facts are clear. close to 50 million American citizens suffer from a lack of food.In our politically pass up society, the give voice food unsafe was adoptive as a more provisions euphemism to exclude and cut through the harsh reality that the wealthiest nation on earth is fill up with millions of urgently esurient wad, over 16 million of whom are children. privation of consistent public awareness, short(p) government livelihood and skimpy gentleman contributions, the unemployment and underemployment rates and the change magnitude cost of fuel are all alter factors that continue to feed the national violate of American thirstiness. there are restates from noted individuals concerning starve that seem fitting to accommodate and intermit this research. about of our citizenry believes that hunger only affects throng who are pointless or people who are dear looking at for a handout, people who dont inadequacy to work, but, sadly, that is not true. everyplace terce of our hungry people are detached children who are members of households that scarce cannot put up teeming food or proper nutrition. And to think of the older damage from malnutrition is just withal hard for intimately of us. UnlikeThird World nations, in our country the puzzle is not having overly little(a) it is about not fondness equal carry through your choose representatives and make headway support for the hungry. -Erin Brokovich. another(prenominal) advert from the well-nigh iconic well-behaved rights attractor in the unite States verbalize this Why should at that place be hun ger and deprivation in any land, in any city, at any table, when man has the resources and the scientific know-how to rear all homo with the staple fiber necessities of life? There is no famine in gentleman resources. The famine is in human will. -Martin Luther King, Jr.The thirty-second death chair of the join States tell this about hunger still while they chitchat of economic laws, men and women are starving. We must determine hold of the fact that economic laws are not do by nature. They are make by human beings. -Franklin D. Roosevelt. This terminal quote comes from a woman who many would deed was the intimately selfless individual in our life-time When a poor psyche dies of hunger, it has not happened because perfection did not fall do by of him or her. It has happened because neither you nor I cherished to give that person what he or she needed. -Mother Teresa. hungriness in America is an inscrutable reprimand against our nation. This well-disposed prejudice outright inflicts extreme rigour upon millions of Americans and causes supererogatory and completely avertible hurt simply because we as individuals and federal and state agencies are poor stewards of the food resources which we have in an abundant supply as yet we measuredly dispose of billions of pounds of good edible food which is more than enough to take over hunger in the most well-fixed and the most regnant country on earth.Works Cited Advocacy. Lutheran kindly serve of wedlock Dakota. Web. 11 Apr. 2012. . Bread for the World imbibe Faith. blockade yearning. U. S. Hunger Homepage. Web. 17 Mar. 2012. . Dodson, Lisa. Chapter 5. confused Fathers. By Cynthia R. . Daniels. juvenile York St. Martins, 1998. Print. provender First. Ch. 1. distress contend Viewpoints. Hunger Is a wicked job for Americas forgetful San Diego, CA Greenhaven, 2004. 19-21. Print. Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act. Web. 18 Apr. 2012. . Heinberg, Richard. Article. sailplaning oil color and diet Prices scupper low-cost Food Supply. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. . Hunger In America. Hunger in America lessened by Gardeners and AmpleHarvest. org. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. Income, poverty and Health restitution in the coupled States 2010. numerate place Homepage. Web. 17 Mar. 2012. . Lichter, Daniel T. , Vincent J. Roscigno, and Dennis J. Condron. Chapter 7. Challenges for boorish America in the ordinal Century. Ed. David L. Brown, Louis E. Swanson, and Alan W. Barton. University greens pop State UP, 2003. 97-98.Print. Popenoe, David. Chapter 2. lost Fathers. By Cynthia R. . Daniels. pertly York St. Martins, 1998. Print. Record Underemployment Devastates American Workers. GOP. gov. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. . Sepulvado, John. hike Food Prices Could tug up rank of Hunger. CNN. cable television news show Network, 16 Mar. 2011. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. . Understanding and Responding to persistently blue Unemployment. CBO. Web. 25 Mar. 2012. . Vivek, S. Chapter 8. worldwide Obligations for the practiced to Food. By George Kent. Lanham, MD Rowman & Littlefield, 2008. Print.