National Institute For Health And Clinical Excellence Nursing Essay

National Institute For Health And Clinical Excellence Nursing Essay This article will basically assess and assess the proof that supports Occupational Therapy practice inside a hospice setting and explicitly an actualized mediation concerning a contextual analysis. Characteristic inside this will be a basic examination for the method of reasoning and clinical thinking behind utilizing that intercession, including the enactment and political drivers that administer and impact the mediation, the OT practice, and the setting, alongside and comparable to the more extensive setting of the administration. The contextual investigation focussed upon inside this article, encompasses Mrs A (pseudo name utilized), a woman in her mid 60s, determined to have an inoperable bosom carcinoma with bone metastases. At first Mrs An experienced issues tolerating her decaying condition, bringing about her giving serious weakness and loss of word related character and commitment in her long lasting enthusiasm of drawing, regardless of trialing pharmaceutical medicines. This alongside her low state of mind levels and favored expect to remain with her family in her home implied she was alluded to network palliative consideration OT (Appendix-slide 4, 5). The World Health Organization (WHO) (2012) characterizes palliative consideration as the physical, psychosocial and profound methodology that improves personal satisfaction of the patient and their families related with a real existence restricting ailment. This idea is re-iterated inside palliative consideration strategies and an unmistakable bit of enactment inside this pro field is the End of Life Care Strategy (Great Britain. Division of Health (GB.DoH), 2008). Albeit distributed in 2008, it has created from other coordinated distributions, for example, the National Health Service (NHS) End of Life Care Program (2007) and is the primary national and far reaching system planned for advancing top notch care for all people that are moving toward end of life. It likewise gives a premise to wellbeing and social consideration administrations to expand upon and the center ideas of all wellbeing experts obligation of care while supporting patient and their carers. The way of thinking of palliative consideration varies in center from the clinical model of human services, with its center spotlight on personal satisfaction and weightiness; therefore it fits well close by OT center standards and ideal models of all encompassing and patient focused practice (Lucey, 2012; Othero, 2010). In spite of the fact that OT mediation with patients with palliative consideration needs is certifiably not another idea, there is little proof that underpins this territory of training (American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA), 2008; Cooper, 2006). Anyway the Improving Outcomes in Breast Cancer record recognizes the significant job and key worries for OTs, helping patients in supporting their freedom, self-sufficiency and engaging the upkeep of power over own wellbeing choices (NICE, 2002). Furthermore the Route to Success in End of Life Care Achieving Quality for Occupational Therapy (College of Occupational Therapist (COT), 2011) and the National Service F ramework for Older People (2001) gives a system to OTs to work inside. These are close by other moral and lawful standards and expert sets of principles, for example, Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct (COT, 2010) and the Professional Standards for Occupational Therapy Practice (COT, 2007). Inborn inside the fundamental beliefs of OT, are the ideas of the word related nature of people and that occupation has the ability to impact wellbeing, a key region inside the consideration of Mrs A (Turner, Foster and Johnson, 2002). Wilcock (2006) recommended that occupation is a fundamental human need found over the life expectancy through doing, being, turning out to be and having a place, and the significance of word related commitment in palliative consideration has been found in various examination contemplates (Burkhardt et al, 2011; Lyons et al, 2002). Vrkljan and Miller-Polgar (2001) gave proof to the estimation of bosom disease patients partaking in important occupations so as to upgrade prosperity toward the finish of life. In agreement to these standards Mrs An is encountering word related hardship because of her failure to take part in drawing, anyway the age of this investigation confines its application to todays contemporary practices. As indicated by Ahlberg et al (2003) malignancy related weakness (CRF) is the most regularly announced manifestation related with disease and its treatment, forestalling commitment in occupations, normal working and encroachment on personal satisfaction (Cooper, 2006). Named a troubling, abstract and persevering feeling of depletion or sleepiness, exhaustion can be experienced during or after treatment by 70%-100% of malignant growth patients (Stone and Minton, 2008) (Appendix-slide 6). Just perceived as an official determination by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) in 1998, its effects on ordinary occupations are emotional and no two people experience the CRF similarly, making normalized appraisals troublesome. The effects of exhaustion exceed the individual concerned, expanding obligations and duties of carers, loved ones, in this way, it is a basic OT job to help, bolster and instruct these people in the administration of weakness in a way that is useful to the m (Kealey and McIntryre, 2005). These are clear focuses inside the instance of Mrs An as she believed she had lost capacity to take part in her creative enthusiasm (La Cour et al, 2007; Townsend and Polatajko, 2007). Nearby approaches and enactment, the use of the compensatory edge of reference and the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) educates and coordinates OT practice (Turpin and Iwama, 2011; Kielhofner, 2008). The compensatory casing of reference applies to Mrs An as it means to expand her freedom and improve her personal satisfaction. This is accomplished by concentrating on the administration of her manifestations as opposed to the proactive treatment and cause, an idea that is interchangeable with the estimations of palliative consideration. Being a down to earth approach it gives a premise to the exhaustion the executives as it helps with the comprehension of the ideas and an elective strategy for taking an interest in a movement, anyway this need proof (Duncan, 2011). Despite the fact that the biomechanical edge of reference tends to word related execution restrictions through ideas of solidarity and continuance, viewpoints, for example, vitality preservation could likewise be collaborat ed with the compensatory edge of reference as a strategy for expanding the pertinence to Mrs As circumstance and limiting the effects of her weakness levels on her word related commitment (Duncan, 2011; Curtin, Molineux and Supyk-Mellson, 2010) (Appendix-slide 12). Once more, like the way of thinking of palliative consideration, the MOHO models all encompassing methodology is focused on Mrs As necessities (Kielhofner, 2008). In spite of the MOHO model having a sweeping proof base and apparently being the most widely applied occupation based model in OT practice, there is little proof base for its application inside palliative consideration and CRF (Lee et al, 2008). Also, the models phrasing can hinder between proficient working (IPW) inside the multi-disciplinary group (MDT), in this way it was not applied completely inside the setting and the training with Mrs A (Melton, Forsyth, Freeth, 2010). Moreover, MOHO comes up short on the possibility of otherworldliness, a contemporary idea inside both OT and palliative consideration writing (GB. DoH, 2010; Belcham, 2004), and a perspective that is focal inside the Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and Engagement (Polatajko, Townsend and Craik, 2007). All things considered, the MOHO model gi ves comprehension of Mrs As inspiration for commitment in occupation (Lee et al, 2008) and as indicated by Kielhofner (2008) it tends to Mrs As volition, habituation, execution limit, values, jobs, culture and her word related character. These are for the most part key zones that her CRF had affected on and it supported recognizable proof of her troubles and bearing for mediation (Costa and Othero, 2012) (Appendix-slides 7-11). So as to help Mrs A with her challenges and execute an intercession, natural and exhaustion evaluations were led demonstrating word related lopsidedness, inside her need cooperation of drawing and satisfaction of her word related personality (Whiteford and Hocking, 2012; Mackenzie and OToole, 2011; Creek, 2003). Being non-normalized the two appraisals did not have the supporting thinking for the application and implied that result measures would be progressively hard to guarantee the adequacy of the intercession, regarding its impacts on Mrs As personal satisfaction (McColl, 2010). Anyway it empowered the training to show restraint focused, subjective and increasingly adaptable with no proper structure, which is basic inside the idea of end of life care and guarantees mediations are significant to Mrs A (Fawcett, 2007). Fruition of the appraisals additionally upheld the definition of her points, which were to deal with her exhaustion level so as to recapture commitment in her previou s self, and partake in drawing for her spouses Christmas present, along these lines legitimizing the usage of weakness the board mediation (Appendix-slide 14). Because of the idea of the administration, appraisals and beginning discussions should have been finished inside a short measure of time, yet were supported by the way that they occurred inside her home condition with her family present. Examination has upheld this idea as it gives a customized and caring restorative condition (Meyers, 2010; Brazil et al, 2005), also accomplishing a patients favored spot of care has been featured as conspicuous need inside national drivers. Anyway in these conditions obstruction from carers and relatives or protection from OT mediations as of now in favored spot of care intermittently repressed full commitment in intercession (AOTA, 2008). Lowrie (2006) and Halkett et al (2005) detailed that weakness the board, bargaining of

Employee Retention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Representative Retention - Essay Example ty of an organization to allure their work power to keep up faithfulness and show better execution conveyance all together than fulfill the organization’s customers. A trade off on the last might be likened to expanded staff turnover and diminished representative maintenance which can, consequently, repeal the organization’s administrations and client care (Mohr et al., 2008). A few examinations and looks into have planned to dissect the showcasing effects, causes and budgetary viewpoints that oversee representative maintenance so as to cause an exact forecast and by and large equation to assist associations with maximizing their HR capital, limit the negative criticism from the shoppers of their merchandise or benefits and ceaselessly improve the nature of administration that an organization offers. In any case, in spite of these endeavors, there might be no widespread strategy that can precisely anticipate representative turnover. As a rule, it is influenced by the individual attributes, nature and condition exceptional to a specific field of work and the work condition it is dependent upon. In any case, these inquires about have filled in as a reason for planning creating programs that can help any HR gathering to think of an appropriate arrangement to accommodate their differing targets and in the end execute a spearheading HR program that benefits lab orers without imperiling wages (Etchings, 2005). This paper intends to solidify the ongoing aftereffects of these examinations and, in the long run, think of a general topic that can survey worker maintenance in work places. One of the significant worries of an organization that inspires these sorts of looks into on work maintenance and turnover is the equalization in the consumptions acquired while keeping up new and old faculty. The explanation being that low representative maintenance brings about expanded expenses to the organization because of the expanding expenses of partition pay, work declarations, staff rehiring and worker preparing and redesigning. Evaluated values show that these expenses might be in the range $3000 to

Common U.C. Essay Topics That Students Love

Common U.C. Essay Topics That Students LoveThere are several different things you should consider when it comes to writing a Common U.C. Essay topic. It is no secret that students typically try to cover as many areas of subject as possible in their Common U.C. Essay topics. The last thing they want to do is to end up with too many topics for the semester. This is something you must consider as well when you write your own essay.The first thing you should do when you are creating a topic for your Common U.C. Essay topic is to come up with an overall idea for the essay. You need to come up with a theme that will define the essay, if you really want to get the most out of it. Once you have come up with this theme you should write a Common U.C. Essay topic around that theme.Many students simply copy what they have read in other Common U.C. Essay topics. They think that all essays are the same, but this simply isn't true. There are some common themes you can use in your own essay and othe r essays that have already been written.One of the most common topics for essay topics is the writer's personal experience. This is something that is very important to everyone. Students love to write about their own experiences and how they learned from them. This will give them an idea about how they relate to the people they are discussing.Another one of the commonly used topics for essay topics is school life. Many students love to write about their school lives and the obstacles they faced in their own lives. They tend to shy away from using school life as the main focus of the essay because they believe they should be focusing on the important things. However, if you really want to include this as part of your essay then youwill need to go over the essay you have already written and see what other topics you can include.If you are stuck as to what topic to use for your Common U.C. Essay topics, try to think about how your parents influenced you. How did they influence you? Wha t did they teach you and how did they affect you?The last thing you should do when you are trying to come up with the best Common U.C. Essay topics is to get a list of common subjects that will be covered by your teachers. Find out which subjects they focus on in class and write about them as part of your essay. Doing this will not only help you but also other students because they will know that you took the time to find out which topics they are teaching in class.When you are trying to come up with the best Common U.C. Essay topics you must be honest and sincere. Make sure you stay within the boundaries of the essay and never go over the top. You should avoid going too far off topic in your essay as well because you don't want to sound like you are being bragging or exaggerating.

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Is it a Good Thing to have Class-Based Political Parties

Is it a Good Thing to have Class-Based Political Parties? This paper posits to defend the position that class-based political parties cannot be considered appropriate in the contemporary world. Among the Marxist left, political polarization is normally portrayed as an express indication of conflict among the social classes, where the working class depicts the natural support base for the left. This analysis is increasingly becoming detached from reality in contemporary years, where the orthodox Marxist political parties are declining in Western Europe. These class-based political parties have also experienced diminished credibility in terms of their foundational ideology. CHALLENGING THE CLASS-BASED POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE The communist†¦show more content†¦In this perspective, the class-based political parties should be regarded as platforms that facilitate the manipulation of the weaker class, which forms minority parties, by the overbearing majority. This scenario generates a situation where the stronger party becomes the judge in its own cause, and consequently the party’s interests generate biased judgments concerning the public good. Class-Based Political Parties and Political Outcomes. While in a majority of political models class is perceived to hold modest impact in regard to voting patterns, it is imperative to consider how alterations in the class structure informs political outcomes. In analyzing the class concept, it should be noted that the workers and capitalists differ in both their amount of income, as well as the mechanism they deploy in the acquisition of the income. Consequently, it is feasible to utilize the relational as well as gradational theories in analyzing class-based politics. A majority of persons employ a fundamentally gradational notion of class in exploring the different political persuasions, and voting patterns of the affluent, the middle class and the underprivileged. 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The New Democratic Party (NDP) is one of the major federal political parties in Canada. The NDP was formed in 1961 as the result of the merger of two different parties. There are numerous reasons why the people of Canada should vote for the NDP. Citizens of Canada should vote for the New Democratic Party because if elected, they promise to improve

Essay on Organ Trafficking Issue - 1101 Words

The buyer needs an organ. The seller needs cash. Two sides of the same coin, both parties are fueled by desperation to survive. With only one country in some way regulating its organ market economy (Iran), all other sales occur in the ever-expanding illegal trafficking network on a global scale. The World Health Organization defines organ trafficking as: The recruitment, transport, transfer, harboring, or receipt of living or deceased persons or their cells, tissues, or organs, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability, or of the giving to, or the receiving by, a third party of payments or benefits to achieve the transfer†¦show more content†¦Between 1990 and 2006, the waiting list for organs in the U.S. tripled in length. Over 113,000 Americans need organs today, and roughly 4,500 patients are added to this list each month (Nasir et al. 2013, The Economist 2008). 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White Collar Crime Apa free essay sample

Criminal behavior is a matter of choices. Today, there are many excuses cloaked as reasons for criminal behavior. The misguided nature of these assertions has a serious impact upon crime control strategies. The classical approach to crime control strategies deals with direct intervention tactics. Law enforcement, within this rubric, takes an aggressive posture toward criminal acts. The delayed tactics of a reactionary position is relegated to the illusion of rehabilitation. In the classical view, deviance and crime are addressed in a proactive manner. This strives to be consistent with both legal and social aspects of constraint. Deviant behavior in the form of criminal activity must necessitate a punitive approach to behavior. Such an approach must come with speed, precision and certainty. For control sanctions to work, the systems of justice must work decisively. The attendant criminal justice systems must be capable of deploying the necessary resources. From an historic perspective, the classical school of criminology is often overlooked as a viable crime prevention strategy. All available scientific, forensic and technical resources should press full force behind a more classical approach to criminology. This effort should be applied within the context of modern times. Following a doctrine of â€Å"psychological hedonism†, the classical approach holds that people choose freely among alternatives of behavior. In this view, the perpetrator plans his or her criminal behavior before carrying out his or her actions. The individual creates the basis for their departure from socially, morally or legally sanctioned aspects of behavior. A person calculates the â€Å"pain versus the pleasure of an act†, or the gain minus the risk of doing a certain thing. Not unlike the rest of us, the perpetrator carries out his or her conduct as a result of personal calculations. Such acts of deviance stem from the pleasure being greater than the risk. In other words, they want to take something that someone else has. Criminals want the shortest distance between two points. The implication of the doctrine is that the societal reaction to crime should be the administration of a measured amount of pain. The general proposition of the classical school is that it is necessary to make undesirable acts painful. Attaching punishment is crucial to making an impact on behavior. Likewise, punishment requires re-education, so that criminals learn through painful costly consequence such behavior is counterproductive. Accountability and responsibility are attached in definite ways, so the perceived loss will exceed the gain. Since the punishment must be one that can be calculated, it must be the same for all individuals. No one is excused regardless of age, mentality, social or economic status, political influence or other self-indulgent conditions. People are held in absolute accountability to the actions they choose. Deterrence and moral retribution replace rehabilitation. Preventing criminal behavior before it happens is part of the overall strategy of crime control objectives. This perspective presupposes that people will take advantage of opportunities. Since people freely decide their course of conduct, rapid societal interdiction is necessary. A concept of â€Å"free-will† criminology is necessary to ensure society does not disintegrate due to an obsession with behavioral excuses. Behavior is influenced by a decision-making process that relies on consequences. As such, so is criminal behavior. The motivation to commit acts of criminal behavior relate to basic internal desires of control, dominance, anger, revenge and display of personally perceived inadequacy. A quadrangle of self-motivated thinking transpires. Desire, opportunity, ability and gain merge to formulate the strategy of motivation. A multi-dimensional realm within the mind transforms into an outer expression of exploitation. As such, our crime control strategies and tactics must consider the inherent motivation of the criminal. The inherent motivation is the subjugation of another person for personal gain. Approaches based on hasty generalizations and politically correct agendas are counterproductive to the health, safety and welfare of the community. We must consider what the individual criminal is like. He or she is not much different than the rest of us. Except that the criminal prefers â€Å"the short cut† instead of the legitimate way of doing things. Forget about the pseudo-scientific approaches that come up with impressive labels and complex diagnoses. And, orget about the short-term fads or fetishes of quick fixes for long-term problems. Fancy theoretical constructs do not solve crime. Instead, determined and dedicated hard working police officers do. They are the ones who solve criminal behavior issues affecting society. They do this through the collective interaction of public support and involvement. Not by politicians, media hype, fad or fiction. People commit crimes as part of a selfish desire to get something for nothing. Their private logic focuses on their alleged suffering at the hands of an insensitive and cruel world. They selfishly desire to take advantage of opportunities, exploit their prurient interests, and assert their abilities. All this is done based on their individual capabilities to get what they think is rightfully theirs. The criminal is not a victim of society. Neither is he or she forced into a position of disadvantage by others. Criminals refuse to accept responsibility and accountability for their behavior. When caught, they are quick to puppet excuses the social sciences, the media and politicians have preconceived for them. Criminals develop their thinking processes on the basis of â€Å"being owed† something. His or her behavior becomes connected to what they believe is entitlement. Personal choice dominates the motives of individual actions. We think, we fantasize and we act according to our underlying belief system. Through a process of rational conscious thought, we select the temptations of preference. Regardless of what comes into us from external sources, we pick what we want. We employ our learning history to do things we conjure in our own minds. Such is the rational process by which we pick and select the course of action we take. In a kind of economic view of the world, people balance the risks, or the costs, involved in doing a certain act. Upon validation that the â€Å"benefit† outweighs the cost, we decide to act. Then again, we might decide not to act. Crime, in a sense, holds a seductive quality and grips our attention. We are mesmerized by the darkness in the balance between good and evil. Good and evil is simply picture thinking about the scope of human nature. For some, crime pays, until caught. At the very least, we calculate a pain versus pleasure reality.

Judy Wicks Biography and Innovatives

Judy Wicks is an innovative businesswoman and an activist who has applied new techniques in business. She works with a great imagination and a great desire to cooperate with others to provide Pennsylvania with strong local economy. She is a graduate of Lake Erie College, BA English in 1969.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Judy Wicks’ Biography and Innovatives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When explaining her occupation in restaurant business, she adores pointing to its accidental nature. And she means it. In 1970 she founded the Free People’s Store (now Urban Outfitters) with her husband, Richard Hayne. However, a year later they split up. Having driven a red light, she had got into a car crash. Luckily, a stranger on a street offered her a job of a waitress. She worked for 13 years at this place. She tried herself as a manager at Sansom Street’s La Terrasse, but this experience ended up i n disappointment and failure. She expected a cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s owner to make her a co-owner, but he did not. Judy had her own shop on the first floor of her house, so in 1983 she quit her job at La Terrasse and expanded her own menu. In 1983, the White Dog Cafe was founded by Judy Wicks. The cafà © was situated on the first floor. The first reason for this reconstruction was the danger of destruction of the building. At the beginning, it was something like a tiny cafà ©, but later it has grown up to a 200-seat restaurant with over 100 employees including the adjacent retail store, the Black Cat.The main features included were fresh local food and a community involvement. Controlling the cafà ©, Judy always checked the quality of food. She concluded an agreement with one farmer family for ecologically clean products: meet, eggs, and fish. She also applied other useful business techniques. Among them, she used recycling, composting, usage of eco-friendly products: soap, office suppl ies. She generated hot water with usage of solar energy. All electricity that Judy was purchasing was from renewable recourses – wind power. She was the first person who implied such business skills in Pennsylvania (Albion, 2000). Furthermore Judy is the first one who put into practice lending money. She is loaning local farmer money for the expansion of their farms. Wicks is working towards building a tightly-knit community. In her debates, she uses her main slogan: â€Å"Businesses should not grow bigger!† (Albion, 2000) For her part, Wicks donates 20% of the White Dog’s profits to the programs she has organized recently.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In 2004, Inc magazine named Judy Wicks one of America’s 25 most fascinating entrepreneurs, â€Å"because she’s put in place more progressive business practices per square foot than any ot her entrepreneur† (Shetterly, 2007). Judy has gained lots of awards, among them â€Å"Philadelphia Sustainability Awards, Life Time Achievement (2007), New Prophetic Voice Award, Shalom Center (2006), Philadelphia Student Union â€Å"Living the Change We Wish to See† Award (2005), PA Resources Council Business Award (2005), James Beard Foundation Humanitarian of the Year Award (2005), Spirit of Philadelphia Award in Honor of W. Thatcher Longstreth, Philadelphia Cares (2005), Althea Gibson Community Award (2005), Breastfeeding-Friendly Business Award, Maternity Care Coalition (2004), First annual Interdependence Award, Democracy Collaborative (2004)† () and many others. Supporting her tree main concepts (serving customers, community, employees, and the natural environment), Judy has organized numerous educational and community-building programs based on The White Dog Cafà ©. The aims of these programs are connected with economy and sociology, environmental protec tion and other issues. In 1986 by means of â€Å"Table for Six Billion, Please!† started the international project. Judy was an active participator; she helped to organize trips to such countries, as Nicaragua, Mexico, the Palestine, and many others (Hollender, 2003). In conclusion, Judi Wicks says, â€Å"I’m helping to create an economic system that will respect and protect the earth—one which would replace corporate globalization with a global network of local living economies. Business is beautiful when it’s a vehicle for serving the common good† (Shetterly, 2007). She has shown really innovative behavior in her business and, furthermore, she is widely promoting her way of thinking. Works Cited Albion, Mark. Making a Life, Making a Living: Reclaiming Your Purpose and Passion in Business and in Life Business Plus Dec. 2000. Hollender, Jeffrey, Fenichell, Stephen. What Matters Most: How a Small Group of Pioneers Is Teaching Social Responsibility t o Big Business, and Why Big Business Is Listening Basic Books, 2003.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Judy Wicks’ Biography and Innovatives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Shetterly, Robert. â€Å"Americans Who Tell the Truth: Judy Wicks.Document Actions† RSS Feed, 2007. This essay on Judy Wicks’ Biography and Innovatives was written and submitted by user Gwyneth Vang to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Alternative Endosymbiosis

Alternative Approach in the Evolution of Endosymbiosis In the article, â€Å"The Birth of Complex Cells,† Christian de Duve proposed the theory of cell evolution in which prokaryotes evolved into eukaryotes through a complex process of endosymbiosis. In this theory, de Duve proposes that the beginning step to the evolution is that the prokaryote loses its cell wall which increases its ability to grow in size as well as its ability to change shape. It would then be able to expand and fold its membrane, simultaneously increasing its surface area for more intake of food and nutrients. Further, de Duve explains that this enhanced ability of taking in nutrients through the membrane would boost their survival because it would then be easier for the cells to catch and process their food. Prokaryotes would now digest their food inside the cell instead of outside the cell. The cells would now be able to perform features that are associated with phagocytosis where the cell possesses the ability to engulf objects located outside the membran e by using a process similar to endocytosis. The phagocyte would eat smaller prokaryotes which would then form into endosymbionts of the cell to perform specific functions that the cell needed in order to survive in the environment in which it was living. The phagocytes, for example, incorporated endosymbionts similar to mitochondria and peroxisomes. The development of the mitochondria and peroxisomes then could form the precursors of plastids which would allow the cell to perform photosynthesis. Finally, through a long process, the DNA and proteins from the original phagocyte were transferred and migrated into the endosymbionts to transform them into cell organelles, from â€Å"prisoner to slave† as de Duve wrote. They would now be part of the cell itself and be considered one entire eukaryote. The process of incorporating the mitochondria, plastid, and the peroxisomes from other cells is supported by the ar... Free Essays on Alternative Endosymbiosis Free Essays on Alternative Endosymbiosis Alternative Approach in the Evolution of Endosymbiosis In the article, â€Å"The Birth of Complex Cells,† Christian de Duve proposed the theory of cell evolution in which prokaryotes evolved into eukaryotes through a complex process of endosymbiosis. In this theory, de Duve proposes that the beginning step to the evolution is that the prokaryote loses its cell wall which increases its ability to grow in size as well as its ability to change shape. It would then be able to expand and fold its membrane, simultaneously increasing its surface area for more intake of food and nutrients. Further, de Duve explains that this enhanced ability of taking in nutrients through the membrane would boost their survival because it would then be easier for the cells to catch and process their food. Prokaryotes would now digest their food inside the cell instead of outside the cell. The cells would now be able to perform features that are associated with phagocytosis where the cell possesses the ability to engulf objects located outside the membran e by using a process similar to endocytosis. The phagocyte would eat smaller prokaryotes which would then form into endosymbionts of the cell to perform specific functions that the cell needed in order to survive in the environment in which it was living. The phagocytes, for example, incorporated endosymbionts similar to mitochondria and peroxisomes. The development of the mitochondria and peroxisomes then could form the precursors of plastids which would allow the cell to perform photosynthesis. Finally, through a long process, the DNA and proteins from the original phagocyte were transferred and migrated into the endosymbionts to transform them into cell organelles, from â€Å"prisoner to slave† as de Duve wrote. They would now be part of the cell itself and be considered one entire eukaryote. The process of incorporating the mitochondria, plastid, and the peroxisomes from other cells is supported by the ar...

BIA_LAB7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BIA_LAB7 - Essay Example The first step in developing a BCP plan is to carry out a business impact analysis (BIA). This will discover the companys most vital systems and processes and the cause at large on the business. Then do the following: File a series plan for the executive leader. Categorize backup employees to support the key emergency workforce. Guide backup employees to execute emergency responsibilities (FEMA, 2012). Work with at least two at each spot in your resources organization. Develop a comprehensive communication plan with top executives, and employees to be in touch with each other, customers, and the external world. Have an offsite crisis assembly place in the plan. Vary other means of communication in case the network and phone goes down. File the local emergency groups’ (police, and firefighters) call information in the plan. Attempt to form partnerships with the neighboring emergency responders to establish a good working association. (Company and site). Perform emergency exerci ses and drills. Employees and executives should practice emergency response basics. Assess your companys performance during each test, and work to constant progress (FEMA, 2012). Continuity workout may certainly reveal weaknesses if done accurately. Test your routine plan often to accommodate and reveal changes. Personnel, facilities, and technology are in a stable state of flux at any organization. When the unanticipated occurs from accidental down time to a major tragedy the information and unexpected variables is what always hinders a fast recovery (FEMA, 2012). Business Impact Analysis is the base for any business stability program within an organization (Gibson, 2011). A BIA is obligatory in the making of a business disaster recovery plan. It allows the administration to identify its organization’s most significant business and Information Technology (IT) activities.

Harvest Moon by Aba Bayefsky Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Harvest Moon by Aba Bayefsky - Essay Example The essay "Harvest Moon by Aba Bayefsky" discovers the painting of Aba Bayefsky. Through out his career there is a recurring theme of destruction, skeletons and dark symbols. His choice of rich, bold colors cause the subject matter to jump out of the canvas, but at the same time, the subject is locked into it’s environment and the piece moves as a solid and single unit. This essay will explore the painting, Harvest Moon, by first discussing the initial reactions to the piece upon preliminary examination at the gallery. Later, the essay will investigate the formal elements of art, such as line, shape and how they interplay to create a haunting feeling for the viewer by drawing upon the familiarity of the subject matter and turning it into an expressionist piece of work that evokes emotion and a response.When first encountering this piece of work it’s simple and rather typical physical size doesn’t instantaneously capture the audience’s attention, especially in comparison to the surrounding works that are much bigger in scale. What’s captivating about this piece is how the viewer is drawn toward it for curiosity’s sake of wondering what’s inside the house, what’s behind the jack-o-lanterns and what the artist is possibly hiding. The soft lighting in the gallery creates a warm feeling that counteracts the â€Å"scary† images so that a sense of safety is felt amongst the gruesome images in the exhibit. In examining the painting the slick quality of the oil paints are apparent and one would imagine. it would be slippery and smooth to the touch with prickly peaks that terminate each stroke. The carved expressions of the jack-o-lantern's faces appear hollowed out just as if they were real pumpkins but these are a hollowing of paint instead of the true pulp. In general, the nine jack-o-lanterns wear uniform expressions that aren't jolly nor sinister, but more vacant and void if anything. Looking straight on at the painting gives a rather flat view, but by approaching the work from the left or the right it seems as though the jack-o-lanterns' eyes are following movement and beckoning the viewer to stop and reconsider it's mysticism. Line in this painting is very straightforward. The lines of the two houses ran horizontally across the top of the canvas, but once one reaches the lower half of the canvas these lines are interrupted by waves, or peaks that divide the houses from the jack-o-lanterns. These waves suggest a division between the two objects, the houses, and the jack-o-lanterns. For an oil painting, the outline of the objects is quite crisp and thin, almost as if the painter were using a printed coloring book that already had the outline, and the painter was left to fill in the empty spaces with paint. The diagonal lines that make up the house's awning direct the viewer's eye to the jack-o-lanterns in the foreground, forcing the eye to forget the homes and instead meditate on the orange of the pumpkins. The straight lines of the house are juxtaposed against the wavy lines of the clouds in the sky creating a balance or harmony between the two so that the painting is not too rigid, nor too flimsy. Shape is rather flat in this piece. In this two-dimensional piece of work shape is primarily offered to the pumpkins, as they appear plump and hearty. The painting is made up of simple geometric shapes that contain the painting to single solid

Gileadean regime Essay Example for Free

Gileadean regime Essay Explore the way in which Margaret Atwood presents Moira The Handmaids Tale. Refer closely to any literary and linguistic approaches where necessary. Within The Handmaids Tale Atwood presents us with many characters that are emotionally weak; Janine, Offred and even the Commander residing in the higher echelons of society all possess a deprivation of spirit brought about by the oppressive and restrictive nature of the Gileadean regime. In contrast to this we are presented with Moira and through her Atwood is able to create tension, conflict and a rebelliousness that is otherwise only seen in the recollections of Offreds mother. Moira acts as a representative for independence and liberty in the novel, she defies her oppressors and is seen by Offred as a role model that she finds impossible to aspire to. Moira constantly battles the status quo; she parades her lesbianism and manages on two occasions to defeat the system at the disgrace of the much-hated Aunts. She is confidant in both manner and speech. Dont move said Moira or Ill stick it all the way in The boldness of this imperative paired with the violent connotations attached to the  verb stick gives Moira the sinister tone she needs to intimidate Aunt Elizabeth. Moira is portrayed as an activist, she does not merely contemplate the possibilities of freedom as Offred does and Offred recognizes this with dissatisfaction as she muses the prospect of what she can do with the fan that she has been given. If I were Moira I would know how tot take it apart, reduce it to its cutting edges. I have no screwdriver but if I were Moira I could do it without a screwdriver. Im not Moira. This quote clearly outlines the practical nature of Moira juxtapositioned with the more theoretical approach that we would associate with Offred who loathes herself for it. The syntactic parallelism If I were Moira but if I were Moira points to the irony that Moira, in the same situation as Offred could use the fan to aid her escape. When we first learn of Moiras disappearance in chapter 22 we are not fully informed as to the details of her flight; the thought of Moiras freedom made the other Handmaids feel dizzy. Atwood purposely withholds this information to let the reader share in this feeling of suspense; the mystery surrounding Moira at this point  enhances her charisma. Offred recalls the Handmaids feeling a sense of victory over the aunts; Moira had shown that they could be defeated and so easily too, through Moiras actions the Aunts power was diminished. Having belittled the enemy she is seen to have great power, Offred refers to her as a loose woman a clichi connoting sexual freedom but cleverly a second implication of the characters unbridled power now that she is free. When Moira escapes, the future seems to hold promise for the Handmaids. The thought of what Moira could do now that she is free gives them a sense of presence, a  pressure reaching its climatic point. Moira was like an elevator with open sides. She made us dizzy This simile poses threat and the sense of freedom that Moiras escape gives the other women. Much of Moiras character is revealed to us through direct speech; This is a loony bin, Moira said. Im so glad to see you, I said Where can we talk? said Moira. The used of direct address here brings the reader closer to the story and builds tension and suspense through the feeling that they are present at the time of conversation. The colloquialism loony-bin reveals that Moira is a non-conformist; Atwood  creatively uses her as a reminiscence of the time before. Moiras interrogative response Where can we talk? conveys that Moira does not linger over sentimentalities as Offred would; it shows that she is active rather than passive. The clipped syntax reflects the rushed exchange of spoken discourse giving a nervous quality to both characters and reminding the reader of the volatile situation that the Handmaids are in. Moira is incredibly blas throughout the novel; her nonchalance shows even in her response to working at Jezebels which will lead to an impending death in the Colonies. Youd have three or four good years before your snatch wears out and they send you to the bone-yard. The vulgarity of the expletive snatch corresponding with the verb wears describes the female body in a manufactured way, dispensable for male pleasure and just as easily disposed of. It is this taboo language that Atwood uses to familiarize us with Moira. Her reference to the Colonies as the bone-yard is further evidence of Moiras ability to perceive things in a brutally realistic way. The fact that she is graphically aware of the inevitable doom she faces and does not react over-  sentimentally show Moiras unwavering courage. When Offred reflect on her student life in the time before we see that Moiras attitude to sex was then just as relaxed and liberal as it is under the Gileadean rule Im giving an under-whore party Tarts stuff, lace crotches, snap garters. Bras that push your tits up Here the three-part list indicates the casual attitude that Moira has towards sex, she is comfortable with her sexuality and her taboo language reflects this. The portmanteau under-whore adds humour to Moiras character and so contrasts with the present  where humour is essentially forbidden. Moira is irreverent and shows contempt to every aspect of injustice; Camaraderie shit How much do you want to bet shes got Janine down on her knees I bet she got her working away on that dried up, hairy old withered This quote is evidence of Moiras iconoclastic beliefs; there is a linguistic shock between the positive noun Camaraderie and the negative expletive noun shit. This shows the complete disrespect that Moira has for those who blindly follow the theocratic regime. Offred sees her irreverence as a source of power. There is something in the whispering of obscenities about those in power it deflates them, reduces them to the common denominator where they can be dealt with. Here Atwood uses visual language comparing those in power to something that can be deflated. This gives connotations of a balloon filled with air and its course is therefore precarious and fickle as to where it could blow. This is allegorical to the regime; Atwood makes the point that wherever there is oppression there is unavoidable rebellion. Moira sees through all aspects of the regime with explicit cynicism, in Jezebels she  analyses the actions of all the men in power with insulting accuracy. Its like screwing on the altar, your gang are supposed to be such chaste vessels they like to see you all painted up. Just another crummy power trip The pre-modifier crummy reduces the Commanders who perceive themselves as omnipotent to mere perverts. The use of the expletive screwing is further evidence of Moiras iconoclastic views. The use of the collective noun all painted up reduces the Commanders desires to petit and perverse, there is a linguistic shock to aid Moiras criticism in the antithesis of screwing and chaste vessels. Through Moira Atwood reminds us that Jezebels is a prescribed reality for those in power. The architects of this new society who claim their actions were to protect women from the world by eradicating pornography and prostitution are now seen as absolute hypocrites. Jezebels exposes the hypocrisy of the men who prate about sexual morality and then spend their evenings sleeping with prostitutes in a club, purpose built. The most poignant aspect of the novel is realised through the change in Moira. In their last encounter Offred learns that the spirit of both Moira and her mother, both  figures of transgression and resistance in the Handmaids life, have been broken. Throughout the novel, Atwood has set up a heroine in the eyes of both the Handmaid and the reader who believe that if there is to be a fortunate end to this grim tale then it will be accomplished through Moira. In their last meeting at Jezebels we disappointingly realise that this is not so; She is frightening me now because what I hear in her voice is indifference and a lack of volition. It is the abstract nouns indifference and volition that indicate the chance in Moira, the woman who, in times of need, Offred looked to as a source of hope has now become just like her, instead of embodying defiance Moira now embodies Gileads ability to crush even the strongest of spirits. I dont want to be like her as far as something I lack. Give in, go along, save her skin I want swash-buckling heroism from her, single handed combat. Something I lack. This three-part syndetic list describes Offred who has romanticised and projected on to Moira the qualities she wished she possessed and is here, along with the reader, sorely mistaken. I dont know how she ended Because I never saw her again What has happened to Moira is an anticlimax; we do not expect to be left unknowing, the novel now seems closer to real life than fiction and this brings the starkness of Offreds reality to the readers attention. Moiras spiritual demise and erasure is an elaboration of the full force of oppression Margaret Atwood presents us with, once a courageous, outspoken woman has become a despondent pessimist with no hope of escaping Gilead. It is this change in Moira that makes us realise the true awfulness of the situation so many women in the novel are in.

The Immortal Artist :: essays research papers

The immortal Artist Throughout the history of the world humans have been intrigued by a condition referred to as immortality. Immortality is the state in which one defies death, thus conquering the realm of being a mortal. Scientists have searched for ways to create this phenomenon. With there over thought out and complex ideas they had managed to overlook the obvious. People had been achieving immortality for years. The key is not in physical exesistance but in your actions, creations, and reputation which will live on long after you die. T.L. Lange, a reputable artist from Atlanta Georgia, once said "Music and art play the dominant roles in life. In the liberation from the self, the ripples which are left to be remembered. It is in this moment that we achieve immortality and imagine what goes well with corn flakes†¦." The visual Arts students at The North Carolina School of the Arts have utilized this knowledge in such a way so that their class has remained immortal. As a class, the class of 1986, the students composed a mural. Dr. Chaplin created the mural and gave each student a representation. He managed to re-create an image of each student through regenerating his or her image from a photograph. The canvas is divided into eighteen individual and distinct sections. Each section is devoted to one student picture or figure, and their mood or feelings in which they wanted to portray. The designer, Chaplin, gave the work a sense of unity by using all pure hue colors and geometric construction with illustrative organic shapes to create the students. The use of repetition in color and general shapes gives the piece an intimate since of unity that also pulls the students together in a metaphoric sense. The work is residing in the student commons. The commons is designed as a place for students to dine, relax and visit with their friends. Therefor this is an appropriate place for the painting because it helps create the feeling that they are relaxing with the students of today. The work is not at all accented by architectural lighting or by any frame, and is not put on a pedestal to be observed.

Negative Economic Impacts of Tourism Essay

There are many hidden costs to tourism, which can have unfavorable economic effects on the host community. Often rich countries are better able to profit from tourism than poor ones. Whereas the least developed countries have the most urgent need for income, employment and general rise of the standard of living by means of tourism, they are least able to realize these benefits. Among the reasons for this are large-scale transfer of tourism revenues out of the host country and exclusion of local businesses and products. Leakage The direct income for an area is the amount of tourist expenditure that remains locally after taxes, profits, and wages are paid outside the area and after imports are purchased; these subtracted amounts are called leakage. In most all-inclusive package tours, about 80% of travelers’ expenditures go to the airlines, hotels and other international companies (who often have their headquarters in the travelers’ home countries), and not to local businesses or workers. In addition, significant amounts of income actually retained at destination level can leave again through leakage. A study of tourism ‘leakage’ in Thailand estimated that 70% of all money spent by tourists ended up leaving Thailand (via foreign-owned tour operators, airlines, hotels, imported drinks and food, etc.). Estimates for other Third World countries range from 80% in the Caribbean to 40% in India. Of each US$ 100 spent on a vacation tour by a tourist from a developed country, only around US$ 5 actually stays in a developing-country destination’s economy. The figure below shows how the leakage happens. There are two main ways that leakage occurs: Import leakage This commonly occurs when tourists demand standards of equipment, food, and other products that the host country cannot supply. Especially in less-developed countries, food and drinks must often be imported, since local products are not up to the hotel’s (i.e. tourist’s) standards or the country simply doesn’t have a supplying industry. Much of the income from tourism expenditures leaves the country again to pay for these imports. The  average import-related leakage for most developing countries today is between 40% and 50% of gross tourism earnings for small economies and between 10% and 20% for most advanced and diversified economies, according to UNCTAD. Export leakage Multinational corporations and large foreign businesses have a substantial share in the import leakage. Often, especially in poor developing destinations, they are the only ones that possess the necessary capital to invest in the construction of tourism infrastructure and facilities. As a consequence of this, an export leakage arises when overseas investors who finance the resorts and hotels take their profits back to their country of origin. A 1996 UN report evaluating the contribution of tourism to national income, gross levels of incomes or gross foreign exchange, found that net earnings of tourism, after deductions were made for all necessary foreign exchange expenditures, were much more significant for the industry. This report found significant leakage associated with: (a) imports of materials and equipment for construction; (b) imports of consumer goods, particularly food and drinks; (c) repatriation of profits earned by foreign investors; (d) overseas promotional expenditures and (e) amortization of external debt incurred in the development of hotels and resorts. The impact of the leakage varied greatly across countries, depending on the structure of the economy and the tourism industry. From the data presented in this study on the Caribbean, St. Lucia had a foreign exchange leakage rate of 56% from its gross tourism receipts, Aruba had 41%, Antigua and Barbuda 25% and Jamaica 40%. Source: Caribbean Voice Enclave tourism Local businesses often see their chances to earn income from tourists severely reduced by the creation of â€Å"all-inclusive† vacation packages. When tourists remain for their entire stay at the same cruise ship or resort, which provides everything they need and where they will make all their expenditures, not much opportunity is left for local people to profit from tourism. The Organization of American States (OAS) carried out a survey of Jamaica’s tourist industry that looked at the role of the all-inclusives  compared to other types of accommodation. It found that ‘All-inclusive hotels generate the largest amount of revenue but their impact on the economy is smaller per dollar of revenue than other accommodation subsectors.’ It also concluded that all-inclusives imported more, and employed fewer people per dollar of revenue than other hotels. This information confirms the concern of those who have argued that all-inclusives have a smaller trickle-down effect on local economies The cruise ship industry provides another example of economic enclave tourism. Non-river cruises carried some 8.7 million international passengers in 1999. On many ships, especially in the Caribbean (the world’s most popular cruise destination with 44.5% of cruise passengers), guests are encouraged to spend most of their time and money on board, and opportunities to spend in some ports are closely managed and restricted. Other negative impacts Infrastructure cost Tourism development can cost the local government and local taxpayers a great deal of money. Developers may want the government to improve the airport, roads and other infrastructure, and possibly to provide tax breaks and other financial advantages, which are costly activities for the government. Public resources spent on subsidized infrastructure or tax breaks may reduce government investment in other critical areas such as education and health. Increase in prices Increasing demand for basic services and goods from tourists will often cause price hikes that negatively affect local residents whose income does not increase proportionately. A San Francisco State University study of Belize found that, as a consequence of tourism development, the prices for locals increased by 8%. Tourism development and the related rise in real estate demand may dramatically increase building costs and land values. Not only does this make it more difficult for local people, especially in developing countries, to meet their basic daily needs, it can also result in a dominance by outsiders in land markets and in-migration that erodes economic opportunities for the locals, eventually disempowering residents. In Costa Rica, close to 65% of the hotels belong to foreigners. Long-term tourists living in second homes, and the so-called amenity migrants (wealthy  or retired people and liberal professionals moving to attractive destinations in order to enjoy the atmospher e and peaceful rhythms of life) cause price hikes in their new homes if their numbers attain a certain critical mass. Economic dependence of the local community on tourism Diversification in an economy is a sign of health, however if a country or region becomes dependent for its economic survival upon one industry, it can put major stress upon this industry as well as the people involved to perform well. Many countries, especially developing countries with little ability to explore other resources, have embraced tourism as a way to boost the economy. In The Gambia, for instance, 30% of the workforce depends directly or indirectly on tourism. In small island developing states, percentages can range from 83% in the Maldives to 21% in the Seychelles and 34% in Jamaica, according to the WTO. Over-reliance on tourism, especially mass tourism, carries significant risks to tourism-dependent economies. Economic recession and the impacts of natural disasters such as tropical storms and cyclones as well as changing tourism patterns can have a devastating effect on the local tourism sector. Seasonal character of jobs The seasonal character of the tourism industry creates economic problems for destinations that are heavily dependent on it. Problems that seasonal workers face include job (and therefore income) insecurity, usually with no guarantee of employment from one season to the next, difficulties in getting training, employment-related medical benefits, and recognition of their experience, and unsatisfactory housing and working conditions. Other industry impacts affecting tourism Economic crises, like the Asian crisis that hit Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia a few years ago, can be devastating to inbound tourism flows. The financial turmoil triggered a sharp fall in tourism flows to affected countries during 1997 and 1998. In the Philippines, the crisis and the temporary closure of Philippine Airlines affected inbound arrivals significantly as there was a decline of almost 3.3% in 1998. Economic Effects — Positive Tourism creates jobs, both through direct employment within the tourism industry and indirectly in sectors such as retail and transportation. When these people spend their wages on goods and services, it leads to what is known as the â€Å"multiplier effect,† creating more jobs. The tourism industry also provides opportunities for small-scale business enterprises, which is especially important in rural communities, and generates extra tax revenues, such as airport and hotel taxes, which can be used for schools, housing and hospitals. Economic Effects — Negative Successful tourism relies on establishing a basic infrastructure, such as roads, visitor centers and hotels. The cost of this usually falls on the government, so it has to come out of tax revenues. Jobs created by tourism are often seasonal and poorly paid, yet tourism can push up local property prices and the cost of goods and services. Money generated by tourism does not always benefit the local community, as some of it leaks out to huge international companies, such as hotel chains. Destinations dependent on tourism can be adversely affected by events such as terrorism, natural disasters and economic recession. Social Effects — Positive The improvements to infrastructure and new leisure amenities that result from tourism also benefit the local community. Tourism encourages the preservation of traditional customs, handicrafts and festivals that might otherwise have been allowed to wane, and it creates civic pride. Interchanges between hosts and guests create a better cultural understanding and can also help raise global awareness of issues such as poverty and human rights abuses. Social Effects — Negative Visitor behavior can have a detrimental effect on the quality of life of the host community. For example, crowding and congestion, drugs and alcohol problems, prostitution and increased crime levels can occur. Tourism can even infringe on human rights, with locals being displaced from their land to make way for new hotels or barred from beaches. Interaction with tourists can also lead to an erosion of traditional cultures and values. Environmental Effects — Positive Tourism — particularly nature and ecotourism — helps promote conservation of wildlife and natural resources such as rain forests, as these are now regarded as tourism assets. It also helps generate funding for maintaining animal preserves and marine parks through entrance charges and guide fees. By creating alternative sources of employment, tourism reduces problems such as over-fishing and deforestation in developing nations. Environmental Effects — Negative Tourism poses a threat to a region’s natural and cultural resources, such as water supply, beaches, coral reefs and heritage sites, through overuse. It also causes increased pollution through traffic emissions, littering, increased sewage production and noise. Tourism and Travel 1. Define the following terms: Hospitality Tourism Leisure Travel Attractions (20mks) 2. In your own opinion, what will make you choose to travel to Country A than to Country B during your holiday? (20mks) 3. What are the positive economic impacts of Tourism in Kenya? (20mks) 4. People do travel for a particular purpose; therefore what are the different types of tourism? (20mks) 5. The no. of tourist in a destination varies over time, what are the different reasons for that to happen? (20mks)

Shuvuuia - Facts and Figures

Name: Shuvuuia (Mongolian for bird); pronounced shoo-VOO-yah Habitat: Plains of Asia Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (85-75 million years ago) Size and Weight: About two feet long and five pounds Diet: Insects and small animals Distinguishing Characteristics: Small, birdlike head; dinosaur-like forelimbs; primitive feathers About Shuvuuia Shuvuuia is one of those ancient dino-birds that gives paleontologists fits,comprised as it is of an equal number of bird-like and dinosaur-like characteristics. The beaked snout of this late Cretaceous creature, for example, was distinctly birdlike, as were its long legs and three-toed feet, but its too-short arms call to mind (in much smaller proportions, of course) the stunted limbs of bipedal theropods like Tyrannosaurus Rex. Lately, the consensus is that the almost certainly feathered Shuvuuia was closer to a dinosaur than it was to a prehistoric bird, but as with the much earlier Archaeopteryx, this issue may never be settled conclusively. (By the way, Shuvuuia also stands out for being one of the prehistoric animals whose name is not derived from Greek roots--shuvuu is the word for bird in Mongolia, where Shuvuuias remains were discovered in 1987.) Technically, Shuvuuia is classified as an alvarezsaur, meaning it was closely related to the roughly contemporary Alvarezsaurus of South America (as were many of the dino-birds that lived in this region of central Asia, including another close Shuvuuia relative, Kol). Perhaps more tellingly, the tiny Shuvuuia inhabited a rich, complex, and extremely dangerous ecosystem already well-stocked with predatory raptors like Velociraptor and Tsaagan and feathered troodontids like Gobivenator and Byronosaurus. Given its small size, Shuvuuia would have been fairly low down on the food chain, and probably spent most of its day evading these larger dinosaurs--perhaps by squeezing itself into the same crooks of trees from whence it pried out termites and grubs for its dinner.